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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
evolution of plants
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plants: multicellular, photoautotrophic eukaryotes
--terrestrial organisms that evolved from green algae ancestor --plants evolved adaptations for life on land |
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roots
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for below-ground processes
plant structure that anchors the plant in the soil, absorbs and transports minerals and water, and stores food |
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shoots and leaves
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for above-ground processes
the stem and leaves of a plant |
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lignin
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a chemical that hardens cell walls
keeps stem hard and makes it stand up |
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vascular tissue
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system of tube-shaped cells that branch throughout the plant
two types of tissues specialized for transport: 1. xylem 2. phloem |
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xylem
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transports water from roots to leaves
-consists of dead cells with tubular cavities |
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phloem
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consists of living cells that distribute sugar from leaves to roots and other nonphotosynthetic parts of plant
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reproductive adaptations and gametangia
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1. a reproductive organ that houses and protects the gametes of a plant without rehydrating
2. sperm carried by wind or animals 3. fertilization and development within female parent 4. offspring (seeds) dispersed by wind or animals |
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4 major periods of plant evolution
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1. nonvascular plants--bryophytes
2. vascular, seedless plants--ferns 3. seed-producing plants--gymnosperms 4. flowering plants--angiosperms |
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bryophytes
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mosses, lacks vascular tissue,
only in moist habitats lacks lignin, grow as "mats" reproduction still tied to water |
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ferns
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seedless, first vascular plants
reproduction also tied to water -in tropical climates |
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gymnosperms
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colder, drier conditions set the stage for evolution of seed
first seed producing plants conifers, tallest largest organisms |
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seed
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1. embryo
2. food supply 3. protective covering |
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angiosperms
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flowering plants w/ 250,000 species
flowers are modified leaves |
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anatomy of the flower
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1. sepals
2. petals 3. stamen 4. carpel |
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sepals
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at the bottom of the flower, usually green
-enclose flower before it opens (green wrapping on rose bud) |
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petals
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above sepals, usually the showiest part of flower and attracts insects and other pollinators
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stamens
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each consists of a stalk (the filament) bearing a sac called an anther, in which pollen grains develop
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carpel
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consists of a stalk--the style--with an ovary at the base and a sticky tip known as the stigma, which traps pollen
ovary--protective changer containing one or more ovules, in which the eggs develop |
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fungi
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eukaryotes--mostly multicellular, heterotrophic that obtain nutrition by absorption
--mushrooms, mold, yeasts |
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absorptive nutrition
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1. enzymes digest food outside body
2. digested food absorbed into body --fungi are important as decomposers -some are parasites |
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fungal structure/anatomy
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hyphae--minute threads of cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane
mycelium--feeding network of the fungus reproductive structure containing spores |