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31 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
microevolution
evolution at the population level
macroevolution
evolution at the species level and above (same forces operating but on different time scales)
speciation
process by which new species are formed from pre-existing ones

produces 2 general patterns:
1. anagenesis (non branching speciation)
2. cladogenesis (branching speciation)
Cladogenesis
branching speciation

-increases biodiversity
-responsible for diversity of life

"tree of life"
biological species concept (BSC)
defines species as a population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature to produce fertile offspring
typological species concept
1. species defined on by appearance
2. used for asexual organisms and fossils
RIM--reproductive isolating mechanisms
how reproductive isolation is maintained

--2 categories
1. pre-zygotic RIMs
2. post-zygotic RIMs
pre-zygotic RIMs
operate before a hybrid zygote is formed

1. temporal isolation
2. habitat isolation
3. behavioral isolation
4. mechanical isolation
5. gametic isolation
temporal isolation
species mate or flower at different times
habitat isolation
species mate in different habitats
behavioral isolation
no sexual attraction of males and females of different species
mechanical isolation
"lock and key" male and female sex organs of different species are anatomically incompatible
gametic isolation
gametes incompatible
post-zygotic RIMs
operate after a hybrid zygote is formed

1. hybrid inviability
2. hybrid sterility
3. hybrid breakdown
hybrid inviability
hybrid dies before sexual maturity
hybrid sterility
hybrid lives, but is sterile and can't reproduce (mules)
mechanisms of speciation
1. allopatric speciation
2. sympatric speciation
allopatric speciaation
speciation through geographic isolation

--prevents gene flow
--genetic differences accumulate in populations due to drift, mutation, and natural selection
--genetic differences prevent species from interbreeding if they come back into contact
sympatric speciation
part of a population becomes a new species while in the midst of its parent population
radiometric dating
used to determine ages of rocks and fossils they contain

based on decay of radioactive isotopes

used to establish geologic time scale
fossil record
tells us when species appear and disappear
species turnover
changes in the fossil record
radiations
diversification of ancestral lineage into many specialized species
mass extinctions
large-scale die-offs of species
systematics
reconstructing the history of life on earth
taxonomy
naming and classifying of organisms
father of modern taxonomy
carolus linnaeus

1. swedish physician and botanist
2. proposed classification scheme used today
binomial nomenclature
1. each species given a 2-part latinized name (a binomial)
2. first word capitalized and represents genus of species
3. second word is lowercase and represents species name
4. both words italicized or underlined
hierarchical classification
grouping species into progressively broader categories

1. species
2. genus (genera)
3. family
4. order
5. class
6. phylum
7. kingdom
8. domain
phylogeny
evolutionary history of a species

phylogenetic trees
1. way to visualize evolutionary relationships
3. a hypothesis of evolutionary relationships
homologies
structures in different species that are similar due to common ancestry

shared evolutionary similarities