Bio 22 Lec Quiz 3

Front 1

The Cell Theory

Back 1

M. Schledian & T. Schwann, Rudolf Virchow

Front 2

What is the cell theory?

Back 2

1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells

2. Cells are the smallest living units of all living organisms

3. Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell

4. Cells vary in size and shapes

Front 3

2 types of cells known in biology

Back 3

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

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Prokaryotic cells

Back 4

Before the appearance of nucleus. No nucleus. Unicellular

Front 5

Eukaryotic Cells

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True and distinct nucleus. Uni/Multicellular

Front 6

Elastic, double layers of protein and fatty materials which form special surfaces over almost all subcellular organelles as well as over entire cells

Back 6

Plasmalemma - the cell membrane

Front 7

What is the major function of the plasmalemma?

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Regulates the critical exchange of materials between the cell and it's environment, maintaining a protected and yet open system in which nutrients are selectively brought in and waste products and secretions selectively removed

Front 8

What is the hydrophilic portion of a plasmalemma?

Back 8

Basic phospholipid group and phosphate group of phospholipids

Front 9

What is the hydrophobic portion of a plasmalemma?

Back 9

Chain of fatty acids and cholesterol

Front 10

Cell membranes are composed of...?

Back 10

Lipids (especially phospholipids), proteins and carbohydrate coating

Front 11

Membrane lipids have....?

Back 11

Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, and when surrounded by water they assemble spontaneously into a bilayer. All heads are at the two outer faces of a lipid bilayer and all tails are sandwiched between them

Front 12

Fluidity of the membrane

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1. Lateral Diffusion - 10^7 times per second

2. Flip Flop - rare once a month

3. Flexion

4. Rotation

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Bonds on the hydrophobic tails of the lipid bilayer?

Back 13

Cis double bonds

Front 14

Cell membrane functions

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1. Transport

2. Enzymatic activity

3. Signal Transduction

4. Cell-cell recognition

5. Intercellular joining

6. Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM)

Front 15

Synthesis of a membrane?

Back 15

Old membrane provides a template for new membranes

Front 16

What is the living environment of cells?

Back 16

The Extracellular matrix

Front 17

Region of intensive ribosomal RNA synthesis

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Nucleolus

Front 18

May be described as a minute channel conveying proteins through the canals onto the Golgi complex

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Involved in the protein synthesis and best seen in cells active in protein secretion like the pancreatic exocrine cells and liver cells

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Rough ER

(With ribosomes)

Front 20

Also have membranous canals but ribosomes are lacking, site of lipid synthesis (e.g steroid hormones of adrenal glands)

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Smooth ER

Front 21

Consists of several flattened tubular membranes piled upon each other called Golgi bodies

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Golgi complex (Dictyosomes)

Front 22

Have powerful digestive capability. Contain enzymes collectively known as acid hydrolases which are capable of breaking intracellular biomolecules as well as digesting foreign organisms entering the cell

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Lysosomes

Front 23

Ovoid structures limited which isolate a group of enzymes used in a metabolic pathways from the rest of the cellular chemistry. Contains catalses, peroxidase, and other oxidases. Concerned also with purine metabolism or breakdown of nucleic acids and conversion of fats to glucose

Back 23

Peroxisomes

Front 24

Very small particles composed of RNA and protein, can be free or bound to ER or linked together into long chains of polysomes, site if protein synthesis, assembled in nucleoli

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Ribosomes

Front 25

Rod like structures within the centrosome, made of protein. Active in the process of cell division

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Centrioles

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Organelles containing centrioles, involved in the process of cell division

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Centrosome

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A mesh of filamentous elements (microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments), provides structural stability for the maintenance of cell shape, cell movement and cell component rearrangement

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Cytoskeleton

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A model if cytoplasmic organization wherein all organelles and inclusions are embedded in a delicate meshwork

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Microtrabecular lattice

Front 29

Both ... And.... Serve to move the cell through the environment or move fluid (of the environment) past the surface of the cell. Both have 9+2 arrangement of microtubules

Back 29

Cilia and flagella

Front 30

Organelle formed from a centriole. Found at the base if a eukaryotic cell cilium or flagellum and serves as a nucleation site for the growth of the axoneme microtubules. --- anchor cilia

Back 30

Basal body

Front 31

Microfilaments are usually composed of??

Back 31

Actin protein

Front 32

Membranous sacs, contains ingested materials or cellular secretions or waste

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Vacuoles

Front 33

Possess a double layered membrane wherein the inner layer membrane is extensively infolded producing shelves called cristae

Back 33

Mitochondria (Chondriosomes)

Front 34

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Back 34

Involved in cellular respiration or the process of ATP production to support mechanical and chemical works performed by the cells

Front 35

Cell membrane functions: Membrane Transport Systems

Non-mediated processes (without the aid of transport proteins)

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1. Bulk flow2. Diffusion3. Osmosis4. Dialysis

Front 36

Cell membrane functions: Membrane Transport Systems mediated processes (with the aid of transport proteins)

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1. Facilitated diffusion 2. Active transport

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What is the driving force of diffusion?

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Concentration gradient. From a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration until the molecules are evenly distributed

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Factors affecting the rate of diffusion

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1. Concentration gradient

2. Cross sectional area through which diffusion occurs

3. Temperature

4. Molecular weight of the diffusing substance

5. The distance through which diffusion occurs

6. Presence of other molecules

Front 39

Osmosis

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Diffusion of a solvent (usu. water)

Higher conc of water (dilute solution) to a region of lower conc of water (conc solution)

Only water molecules equilibriate

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Hypertonic solution

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Low water conc so conc sol. Water will move out of the cell. Shrinking or shriveling

Front 41

Hypotonic solution

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High water conc so low solute conc

Water will move into the cell - rupture of the membrane

Front 42

Plasmolysis vs hemolysis

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P for plants

Hemo for RBCs

Front 43

Diffusion of a dissolved substance through a semi permeable membrane

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Dialysis

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Passive vs active

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Passive - no cellular energy

Active - needs energy

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Cytoplasmic vesicles containing macromolecules travel to the plasma membrane where the vesicular and the plasma membrane fuse and the macromolecules are released into the extracellular fluid

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Exocytosis

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Opposite of exocytosis.

Back 46

Endocytosis

Front 47

Cellular eating? Drinking?

Back 47

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis