Test 1 Part 4 Bio Lec Angiosperm Reproduction And Biotechnology

Front 1

Symbiotic

Back 1

Relationship between plants and other species.

E.g. Bee pollination they get pollen in return.

Front 2

Spores

Back 2

Diploid Sporophytes produces these by meiosis and they grow into haploid gametophytes.

Front 3

Gametes

Back 3

Produced by gametophytes by mitosis. Fertilization of these produce Sporophytes (alternation of generations)

Front 4

Recepticle

Back 4

Where the flowers (reproductive shiots of angiosperm sporophyte)

Attach at the stem.

Front 5

Flower consists of

Back 5

Sepals

Petals

Stamen

And carpels

Front 6

Stamen consists of

Back 6

Filament topped with an anther with pollen sacs that produce pollen(male gametophyte)

Front 7

Carpels consists of

Back 7

a long style with a stigma on which pollen may land.

At the base of the style is an ovary containing one or more ovules

Front 8

Pistol

Back 8

Single or group of fused carpels.

Front 9

Complete flowers

Back 9

Has all four floral organs

Front 10

Incomplete flowers

Back 10

Lack one or more floral organs

Front 11

Inflorescences

Back 11

Clusters of flowers such as sunflowers flower being made up of many flowers

Front 12

Anther produce

Back 12

Pollen male gametes

Front 13

If a pollen grain will produce what if pollination is successful.

Back 13

Pollen tube that grows down into the ovary and discharges sperm near embryo sac

Front 14

Pollen grain consists of

Back 14

2 sperm and the spore wall

Front 15

Within an ovule

Back 15

An embryo sac which has 2 polar nuclei (n) and one egg.

Front 16

Pollination is

Back 16

Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.

Front 17

Double fertilization

Back 17

One sperm fertilizing the egg and the other combines with the polar nuclei giving rise to (3n) food storing endosperm.

Front 18

Fruit comes from

While vegetables come from

Back 18

The ovary and all other parts of the plant.

seeds come from ovule.

Front 19

Catyledons

Back 19

Primordial leaf

Difference between mono and Dicots.

Endosperm can export food stores to it.

Front 20

dormancy

Back 20

seed waits for ideal time to grow and uses food stored in endosperm.

dormancy break caused by

temp, lighting, fire, rain, chemical digestion.

Front 21

radicle

Back 21

the first growth from a seed.

embryonic root. the shoot will then grow out of the soil.

Front 22

imbibition

Back 22

germination depends on

the uptake of water due to low water potential of the dry seed.

Front 23

fruits can be

Back 23

Dry or fleshy

if the ovary dries out at maturity.

Front 24

simple fruits

Back 24

a fruit from 1 flower with 1 carpel

Front 25

aggregate fruit

Back 25

from 1 flower and multiple carpels (e.g. raspberry or blackberry)

Front 26

multiple fruit

Back 26

from a group of flowers called an inflorescene

e.g. pineapple

Front 27

accessory fruit

Back 27

contains other floral parts in addition to ovaries.

e.g. apples

Front 28

fruit dispersal methods

Back 28

water, wind, and animals

seed spread farther as to not compete for nutrients

Front 29

Fragmentaition

Back 29

Asexual reproduction of a parent plant into

parts

that develop into whole plants.

Front 30

Apimixis

Back 30

Asexual reproduction of an unfertilized seed

Front 31

Benifit of asexual vs sexual reproduction

Back 31

More offspring survive in stable environment(a fraction survive in sexual reproduction),

doesn't need pollination,

or a suitable mate,

faster and less energy needed.

Front 32

Benifit of sexual vs asexual reproduction

Back 32

Less vulnerable to local extinction, can adapt to environmental changes through evolutionary adaptation posible.

Front 33

Dioecious

Back 33

Species with staminate and carpellate on separate flower.

Prevents self fertilization. Different from some flowers where stamen and carpels maturing at different times.

Front 34

Self-incompatibility

Back 34

Plant recognize pollen as coming from its own anther and blocks growth of pollen tube.

Front 35

Callus

(clone from cutting)

Back 35

Mass of undifferentiated cells that form where a stem is cut and produces adventurous roots.

Front 36

Grafting

Back 36

A twig or bud grafted onto a plant that is closely related species.

(A stem of one tree onto a root of an other)

Front 37

Transgenic

Back 37

Genetically modified

(gmo) to express a gene that comes from another organism.

Front 38

Protoplast fusion

Back 38

Creates a hybrid plant by fusing protoplasts when cell walls are removed.

Front 39

Hybridization

Back 39

In nature or through breeders to introduce new genes into a plant. e.g. artificial selection of corn plants.

To increase yield.

Front 40

Mutation

Back 40

Can arise spontaneously and be used in breading desired traits in a plant.

E.g. the grain triticale comes from a successful cross between wheat and rye.(high yield and survivability)

Front 41

Plant biotech

Back 41

Use of plants to make useful products.

Specifically through the use of genetic modification (GMO) on industry and agriculture.

Front 42

Benifit of genetic modification

Back 42

Increase yield and quality of food.

Proteins that defend against insects.

Tolerate herbicides.

Resistance to specific diseases.

Improve nutrition of plants e.g. golden rice that contains vitamin A and helps prevent blindness in children in the worlds poor.

Front 43

Detriment of GMO

Back 43

Much is Unknown

Allergic reaction in humans

Affect Nontarget organism. E.g. bees killed by plants with insect defence proteins.

Potential crop to weed hybridization could lead to herbicide tolerant weeds.

Front 44

Efforts to prevent spread of GM plants.

Back 44

Male sterility (no pollen can't spread)

Will need nearby no gmo plant to pollinate.

Apomixis (no pollen needed) for seed production

Transgenes in chloroplasts (this won't transfer into the pollen)

Strict self-pollination (flower doesn't open to release pollen)