Bio Lab Practicum

Front 1

fascia

Back 1

connective tissue beneath the skin - consists of collagen

Front 2

collagen

Back 2

protein that makes up fascia & cartilage

Front 3

tendon

Back 3

connects muscle to bone

Front 4

periosteum

Back 4

collegen sheets that surround the bone

Front 5

gastrocnemius

Back 5

muscle that inserts on the heel, held by the achilles tendon, belly of muscle forms calf muscle on leg
origin = femur above the knee

Front 6

palate

Back 6

the roof of the mouth
2 parts:
1. hard palate = anterior portion, usually solid and tranversely ridged
2. soft palate = posterior portion, softer and unridged

Front 7

glottis

Back 7

opening in the pharynx leading tot he respiratory system

Front 8

epiglottis

Back 8

soft flap of tissue that covers the glottis when swallowing, allows air to pass in & out of lungs`

Front 9

pharynx

Back 9

chamber located posterior to the mouth - has 2 openings that lead to the digestive & respiratory systems

Front 10

peritoneal cavity

Back 10

"abdominal cavity"

Front 11

plural cavity

Back 11

"chest cavity"

Front 12

thymus gland

Back 12

bumpy tissue in the throat region - responsible for the stimulation of t lymphocytes

Front 13

thyroid gland

Back 13

round ball that is slightly reddish/brown color at the base of the throat

Front 14

larynx

Back 14

large and hard bump located anterior to the thyroid gland

Front 15

trachea

Back 15

shiny white tube posterior to the larynx with many circumferential cartilaginous rings. connects the pharynx with the lungs and allows air to pass in/out

Front 16

esophagus

Back 16

tube thru which food passes from pharynx to the stomach. lightly colored and dorsal to the trachea (can collapse when not in use)

Front 17

diaphragm

Back 17

sheet of muscle separating the pleural cavity from the peritoneal cavity. forms a dome shape at rest, but when muscle contracts it flattens and expands the chest to allow air to draw into lungs

Front 18

liver

Back 18

large lobed organ in the abdominal cavity located posterior to the diaphragm. produces bile, stores carbs as glycogen, controls the glucose content of the blood

Front 19

gall bladder

Back 19

located under the right lobe of the liver - normally brownish/green color. stores the bile produced in the liver and secretes it into the duodenum via the bile duct

Front 20

stomach

Back 20

large sac located posterior to the diaphragm, whitish in color. food enters the stomach thru the esophagus and leaves via the small intestine.

Front 21

pyloric valve

Back 21

opening between the stomach and the small intestine - a thick muscular structure at the posterior end of the stomach. regulates the passage of partially digested food into the small intestine

Front 22

small intestine

Back 22

portion of the digestive tract posterior to the stomach. final site of food digestion and primary site of nutrient absorption.
consists of 3 parts = duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Front 23

duodenum

Back 23

region of enzyme secretion in the small intestine, also receives secretions from the gall bladder via the bile duct and the pancreas

Front 24

jejunum & ileum

Back 24

second and third portions of the small intestine, mainly involved in nutrient absorption

Front 25

pancreas

Back 25

light-colored organ of moderate size located below the stomach and above the duodenum. produces digestive enzymes in a highly alkaline solution that are secreted into the duodenum to moderate the acidity of the stomach. also produces hormones responsible for the regulation of glucose levels in the blood

Front 26

caecum

Back 26

large extension off the side of the digestive tract at the junction of the small and large intestines. contains its own culture of bacteria which help digest fibrous food (smaller in humans than other mammals and is the site of the appendix)

Front 27

colon

Back 27

"large intestine", distal continuation of the digestive tract and is distinctly larger in diameter than the small intestine.
consists of 4 parts: caecum, spiral colon, and descending colon, and rectum
main function = absorption of water from the remaining undigested matter and the formation of feces (which is expelled thru the anus)

Front 28

spleen

Back 28

long, slender, liver-fluke-shaped organ located dorsal to the liver near the backbone. Produces and stores WBC and controls RBC content in the blood by storing and destroying RBCs

Front 29

kidneys

Back 29

located on either side of the medial plate dorsal to the other abdominal organs, filter blood and are the beginning of the urinary tracts

Front 30

ureter

Back 30

tube that exists the kidney in a posterior direction, drains into the urinary bladder

Front 31

urinary bladder

Back 31

where urine is temporarily stored prior to urination

Front 32

urethra

Back 32

drains the urinary bladder to the outside of the organism (union of urinary and reproductive tracts)
males = urethra enters the penis
females = urethra and vagina come together near the opening of the vagina

Front 33

penis

Back 33

*male pig
opening posterior to the umbilical cord, runs in a posterior direction on the midline toward the tail and is just under the surface

Front 34

scrotal sac

Back 34

*male pig
sac that holds the testes

Front 35

testis

Back 35

*male pig
organ that produces sperm

Front 36

epididymis

Back 36

*male pig
small, crescent-shaped organ that lies alongside the testis, sores sperm from the testis

Front 37

vas deferens

Back 37

*male pig
leads out of the epididymis in an anterior direction, swings up and around the umbilical arteries and merges with the urethra just below the point where the urethra leaves the urinary bladder

Front 38

semen

Back 38

*male pig
fluid that is ejaculated from the penis. contains fluid from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands

Front 39

seminal vesicles

Back 39

*male pig
butterfly shaped pair of glands located on the urethra just below the urinary bladder where the vas deferens enter the urethra

Front 40

prostate

Back 40

*male pig
located between the seminal vesicles - together give semen 60% of its volume
fluid contains fructose and amino acids to give sperm energy, and prostate glandins that cause the female uterus to contract

Front 41

bulbourethral glands

Back 41

*male pig
contribute fluid to the semen and lie alongside the urethra near the point where the urethra enters the penis. located anterior to the junction between the penis and the urethra, below the pelvic girdle

Front 42

ovary

Back 42

*female pig
located posterior to the kidney, just off the medial-sagittal plane of the body. kidney shaped, but smaller and off-white in color. produce eggs

Front 43

oviduct

Back 43

*female pig
"fallopian tube". leads from the ovaries to the uterus

Front 44

ostium

Back 44

*female pig
funnel-shaped end of the oviduct that lies next to the ovary. lined with cilia that beat and help conduct and ovulated egg into the oviducts

Front 45

uterus

Back 45

*female pig
region where the two oviducts join, where the fetus is developed

Front 46

horn of the uterus

Back 46

*female pig
region just before the oviducts fuse
bicornate = a partially fused uterus w/ 2 hords (found in pigs)
duplex uterus = found in primitive mammals (marsupials, bats, etc.), have 2 separate uteri
simplex uterus = completely fused uterus (found in humans), horns no longer present

Front 47

vagina

Back 47

*female pig
site of copulation and sperm deposition during the act of sex. also the passageway thru which the young emerge.

Front 48

urogenital sinus

Back 48

*female pig
opening of the vagina and the urethra (not found in humans)

Front 49

heart

Back 49

organ that pumps blood throughout the body

Front 50

arteries

Back 50

transport blood from the heart to the tissues (away from the heart)

Front 51

capillaries

Back 51

small w/high SA to V ratio, location of chemical transfer to tissues

Front 52

veins

Back 52

transport blood back to the heart from the cells of the body

Front 53

fetal circulation

Back 53

placenta is highly vascularized and used to exchange elements carried by the blood (mom --> baby, baby --> mom)

Front 54

umbilical vein

Back 54

vein where blood travels from the placenta to the fetus, carries newly energized blood that is high in oxygen

Front 55

ductus venosus

Back 55

a shunt that connects the umbilical vein ot the posterior vena cava

Front 56

posterior vena cava

Back 56

carries blood from the lower torso of the fetal pig and is depleted of oxygen, enters the right atrium

Front 57

4 chambers of the heart

Back 57

right atrium
left atrium
right ventricle
left ventricle

Front 58

auricles

Back 58

2 external dark lobe structures on anterior end of heart, serve as extra storage compartments attached to the atria

Front 59

coronary artery

Back 59

artery, separates the ventricles on the interior part of the heart

Front 60

anterior vena cava

Back 60

blood entering the right atrium from the posterior vena cava mixes with the blood returning from the upper torso thru the anterior vena cava - larged vein entering the anterior portion of the right atrium

Front 61

foramen ovale

Back 61

opening in a fetal big between the right and left atrium (does not exist in adults), allows oxygenated blood to pass from the right to left atrium and thus bypasses the lungs

Front 62

brachiocephalic artery

Back 62

supplies the head region and right upper torso with oxygenated blood

Front 63

left subclavian artery

Back 63

supplies the upper left torso with oxygenated blood

Front 64

ductus arteriosus

Back 64

allows blood in the right ventricle to go directly to the aorta

Front 65

pulmonary arteries

Back 65

supply the lungs with deoxygenated blood (to be oxygenated)

Front 66

aortic arch

Back 66

point where the aorta curves in a downward structure

Front 67

dorsal aorta

Back 67

transports blood to the lower torso

Front 68

umbilical arteries

Back 68

(2), branch off the dorsal aorta and transport some blood to the placenta

Front 69

jugular vein

Back 69

2 types - internal and external
carries the return flow from the head and forelimbs

Front 70

subclavian vein

Back 70

carries the return flow from the head and forelimbs

Front 71

renal veins

Back 71

the most prominent veins joining the posterior vena cava, come from the kidneys (which receive about 20% of blood from every beat of the heart)
genital veins are just below renal veins

Front 72

right and left common iliac veins

Back 72

located at the posterior end of the abdominal cavity, posterior vena cava is formed by the fusion of these two veins
each common iliac vein is formed by the fusion of the external and internal iliac veins (femoral vein becomes the external iliac vein)

Front 73

thoracic artery

Back 73

supplies the torso with blood, branches from the axillary artery that branches from the subclavian artery

Front 74

pulmonary vein

Back 74

vein that allows oxygenated blood to return to the left atrium

Front 75

artioventricular valves

Back 75

located between the atrium and ventricle on both the right and left sides of the heart. the valves are flaps of tissue that are anchored to the heart walls by long fiburous pieces of tissue (which keeps the valves from everting during contraction)
2 types: tricuspid and bicuspid

Front 76

tricuspid valve

Back 76

between the right atrium and the right ventricle

Front 77

bicuspid valve

Back 77

between the left atrium and the left ventricle

Front 78

semilunar valves

Back 78

located where the pulmonary artery exists the right ventricle and where the aorta exists the left ventricle

Front 79

forebrain

Back 79

area of the brain involved in memory, learning, and emotions

Front 80

telencephalon

Back 80

the upper part of the brain comprised of the cerebrum and corpus callosum

Front 81

cerebrum

Back 81

outer part of the brain, divided into 2 hemispheres (right & left), directly processes info from various parts of the body (both sensory & motor). controls functions such as speech, reading, conscious movements (ex. filling in bubble sheets), and interpreting sights and sounds

Front 82

corpus callosum

Back 82

thick fibrous structure connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

Front 83

diencephalon

Back 83

the lower part of the fore-brain comprised of the thalamus and the hypothalamus

Front 84

thalamus

Back 84

a center for integrating neural input and relaying it to appropriate areas of the cerebellum
intermediate mass connects the two sides of the thalamus

Front 85

hypothalamus

Back 85

located in lower portion of forebrain between the intermediate mass and the optic chasm, functions to maintain homeostasis

Front 86

brainstem

Back 86

lower part of the brain just above the spinal cord and comprised of the midbrain and hindbrain

Front 87

midbrain

Back 87

responsible for integration of sensory input especially sound and sight

Front 88

hindbrain

Back 88

functions in homeostasis, motor-coordination, and conduction of neural signals
comprised of the cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and the pons

Front 89

cerebellum

Back 89

a convoluted, spherical structure on the back side of the brain stem. responsible for coordination of unconscious movements (causes smooth movements and maintains balance)

Front 90

medulla oblongata

Back 90

located at the lower part of the brain stem, responsible for autonomic functions such as breathing, swallowing, digestion, heart rate, and constriction and dilation of blood vessels

Front 91

pons

Back 91

located directly above the medulla oblongata, functions along with the medulla in the conduction of sensory signals to help carry out autonomic functions