Bio Lab Final

Front 1

abiotic environment

Back 1

physical environment

Front 2

habitats

Back 2

places where organisms live; typically associated with specific types of animals/plants

Front 3

2 reasons why vegetation and habitats differ

Back 3

a) habitats change with time

b) differences in environmental conditions

Front 4

disturbance

Back 4

event that causes destruction of/change in a habitat

Front 5

succession

Back 5

change in vegetation due to recovery following a disturbance

Front 6

community

Back 6

all species occurring and interacting with each other within a habitat

Front 7

weeds

Back 7

plants thriving in recently disturbed habitats

Front 8

forest interior

Back 8

less herbs and shrubs; more ferns

Front 9

fragment of young forest

Back 9

passing from pioneer tree stage to

mid-succession trees

Front 10

old field

Back 10

open habitat with patches of vegetation;

dominated by perennial herbs, shrubs, and

pioneer trees

Front 11

pioneer trees

Back 11

aspen and white pines; able to succeed in open fields; usually the first type of tree to appear in an open field

Front 12

pond/marsh

Back 12

temporary feature that will eventually fill with silt and become terrestrial; formed by glacial,

human, and beaver activities

Front 13

white-tailed deer

Back 13

common in forest edge habitats; can decimate their own food sources if population density gets too high

Front 14

beavers

Back 14

present in Harpur pond; create new ponds by building dams

Front 15

cottontail rabbits

Back 15

herbivores; use cryptic coloration/speed/agility to survive

Front 16

birds present in nature preserve

Back 16

warblers; herons; woodpeckers

Front 17

reptiles present in nature preserve

Back 17

painted turtles; garter snakes; water snakes; snapping turtles

Front 18

amphibians present in nature preserve

Back 18

salamanders; wood frogs; American toads

Front 19

succession

Back 19

gradual change in vegetation growing in an area; typically after major disturbance

Front 20

annuals

Back 20

plants that live, reproduce, and die within one year

Front 21

biennials

Back 21

complete lifecycle over 2 years

Front 22

perennials

Back 22

normally live for many years

ex: trees and shrubs

Front 23

shade-tolerant trees

Back 23

red oak and white oak, white ash, wild black cherry, red maple

Front 24

mature forest

Back 24

usually consists of sugar maple, beech, hemlock

Front 25

old field succession

Back 25

bare soil --> herbs --> shrubs --> pioneer trees --> mid-succession trees --> late-succession trees

Front 26

general forest succession

Back 26

replacement of less shade-tolerant species with more shade-tolerant species

Front 27

biotic environment

Back 27

critical to success of any one species

Front 28

obligate relationship

Back 28

necessary for both species involved to survive

Front 29

facultative relationship

Back 29

not necessary for survive

Front 30

mutualism

Back 30

relationship where both individuals benefit

ex: pollination

Front 31

constancy

Back 31

individual pollinators may show affinity to

certain species of flowers

Front 32

chi-square test

Back 32

means of assessing probability; tests whether two variables are independent of each other

Front 33

null hypothesis

Back 33

statement of randomness

Front 34

alternative hypothesis

Back 34

opposite of the null hypothesis

Front 35

degrees of freedom

Back 35

(# of rows - 1) x (# of columns - 1)

Front 36

Reject the null hypothesis when ___ > ____

Back 36

X^2 > CV

Front 37

sign test

Back 37

used for analysis of data that involves two

equally-likely outcomes

Front 38

probability

Back 38

measure of frequency of occurrence/likeliness of a given event

Front 39

p = ____________

Back 39

# of desired events/# of total events

Front 40

p=0

Back 40

the event is impossible

Front 41

p=1

Back 41

the event is certain

Front 42

mutually exclusive events

Back 42

cannot happen at the same time

Front 43

independent events

Back 43

not affected by previous events; probability of two independent events = p(event 1) x p(event 2)

Front 44

law of segregation

Back 44

alleles from the same gene separate from each other during meiosis

Front 45

law of independent assortment

Back 45

alleles of one gene are passed to the gametes

independently of the alleles of the other gene

Front 46

if X^2 value lies below probability of .05......

Back 46

reject the null hypothesis

Front 47

corn kernels

Back 47

each represent a separate fertilization event

Front 48

hybrid cross of corn

Back 48

typically used in crop production

Front 49

test cross of corn

Back 49

used to determine the genotype of the parental strains

Front 50

genetic pedigree

Back 50

used to look at inheritance patterns

Front 51

progeny

Back 51

children

Front 52

autosomal dominant trait

Back 52

trait of affected individual is determined by

dominant allele

Front 53

autosomal recessive trait

Back 53

affected individuals are determined by recessive alleles

Front 54

sex linked traits

Back 54

affected male inherits trait from

hetero/homozygous mother

Front 55

incomplete penetrance

Back 55

genetically affected individual appears normal because the alleles in question have variable expression

Front 56

cross A of fruit flies

Back 56

wild-type male x white eyes-mini wings female

Front 57

cross B of fruit flies

Back 57

white eyes-mini wing male x wild-type female

Front 58

male fruit flies

Back 58

sex combs; black, rounded posterior

Front 59

female fruit flies

Back 59

striped posterior; lack of sex combs

Front 60

instars

Back 60

stages of larval growth in fruit flies

Front 61

population genetics

Back 61

explains the evolution of populations over time

Front 62

Hardy-Weinberg principle

Back 62

in the absence of evolution, allele frequencies will stay constant from gen. to gen.

Front 63

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Back 63

static state of allele frequencies due to lack of evolution; acts as null hypothesis

Front 64

allelic frequency

Back 64

p + q = 1

Front 65

p/q in Hardy-Weinberg

Back 65

frequency of an allele in a population

Front 66

Hardy Weinberg equation

Back 66

(p^2) + 2pq + q^2 = 1

Front 67

function of skull

Back 67

protect brain and sensory organs; support

specific function

Front 68

growth plates

Back 68

construction zones in bones that produce

osteoblasts, which construct and strengthen bone tissue

Front 69

foramen magnum

Back 69

hole at base of skull; allows scientists to

determine posture and lifestyle

Front 70

jaw structure

Back 70

allows scientists to determine feeding habits

Front 71

sagittal crest

Back 71

common in animals that need stronger chewing muscles

Front 72

teeth size and position

Back 72

helps to determine feeding behaviors

Front 73

pointed teeth

Back 73

indicative of predators

Front 74

chisel shaped teeth

Back 74

common in herbivores

Front 75

large molars

Back 75

typical in ruminants

Front 76

deciduous/milk teeth

Back 76

present in immature individuals; later replaced by permanent teeth

Front 77

four basic types of teeth

Back 77

incisors, canine, premolar, molar

Front 78

convergence

Back 78

similarities in adaptations among two species that are unrelated

Front 79

non-vascular plants

Back 79

no xylem/phloem; bryophyta

Front 80

vascular plants

Back 80

use roots in soil; ex: ferns

Front 81

gymnosperms

Back 81

naked-seed bearing plants; can have motile or non-motile sperm

Front 82

conifers

Back 82

gymnosperms with resin canals instead of vessel members in wood

Front 83

angiosperms

Back 83

covered seeds; flowering plants

Front 84

tropical plants

Back 84

high plant diversity; poor soil leads to lateral roots; large leaves to collect moisture;

competition for sunlight

Front 85

desert plants

Back 85

scarce moisture leads to loss of leaves; major concern is protection from dehydration and herbivory

Front 86

evolution

Back 86

change in gene frequency

Front 87

predatory-prey relationships

Back 87

lead to natural selection as prey that are

unsuccessful at avoiding predators are killed