Bio Lab Final

Front 1

Compound microscope

Back 1

Used to view slides and produces a 2-d image.

Front 2

Ocular Lens

Back 2

Eye piece, lens you look through.

Front 3

Objective lens

Back 3

Lens closest to the object being magnified. Red, yellow, and blue.

Front 4

Mechanical stage

Back 4

Slide holder, allows you to move the position of the slide.

Front 5

Calculation of total magnification.

Back 5

Power of objective lens X Ocular lens.

Front 6

Plasma membrane

Back 6

Structures surrounding the entire cell.

Front 7

Nucleus

Back 7

Membrane that surrounds the chromosomes.

Front 8

Cytoplasm

Back 8

Everything else inside the cell, except the nucleus.

Front 9

Mitochondria

Back 9

Structures involved in cell respiration that generate ATP.

Front 10

Chloroplasts

Back 10

Structures involved with photosynthesis.

Front 11

Cell wall

Back 11

Box surrounding the cell and outside the plasma membrane and made of cellulose.

Front 12

ATP

Back 12

Energy carrying molecule within cells.

Front 13

Enzymes

Back 13

Protein catalysts that speed up chemical reactions.

Front 14

Active site

Back 14

Notch where chemical action occurs.

Front 15

Substrate molecule

Back 15

Molecule being built or broken apart.

Front 16

Denaturing a protein

Back 16

Altering the shape or structure of a protein. Leads to a change or loss of function. Increasing temperature and changing pH (increase or decrease).

Front 17

Photosynthesis

Back 17

-Photons absorbed by chlorophyll, which energizes e- that are used to generate ATP.

-Chemical reactions use ATP to assemble glucose from CO2 and H.

Front 18

Cellular Respiration

Back 18

-Glycolysis (cytoplasm; net gain of 2 ATPs) Breaks down glucose.

-Fermentation (cytoplasm; 0 ATPs) Anarobic respiration, allows glycolysis to continue but produces no ATP.

-Oxidative Respiration (mitochondria) What humans prefer to do.

Citric acid cycle (2 ATP)--finishes breaking down carbohydrates.

electron transport system (32 ATP)--cells harvests energy from electrons.

Front 19

Chromosomes

Back 19

DNA contains genes

Front 20

Homologous chromosomes

Back 20

Pair of chromosomes having the same genes.

Front 21

Diploid chromosomes

Back 21

2 sets of chromosomes within the cell. One set from each parent.

Front 22

Haploid chromosomes

Back 22

Only one set of chromosomes. Cells used for sexual reproduction.

Front 23

Cytokinesis

Back 23

Cell division; one cell divides into two.

Front 24

Mitosis

Back 24

Duplication division of the nucleus. Results in two identical copies of the cell.

Front 25

Prophase

Back 25

Nuclear membrane disappears. Chromosomes condense.

Front 26

Metaphase

Back 26

Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell.

Front 27

Anaphase

Back 27

Copies of chromosomes are pulled apart.

Front 28

Telophase

Back 28

Cytokenisis occurs; the cell divides.

Front 29

Meosis

Back 29

Reduction division; diploid to haploid. Cuts the number of chromosomes in half.

Front 30

Meosis 1

Back 30

Reduction occurs.

Front 31

Prophase 1

Back 31

Nuclear membrane disappears; chromosomes condense.

Front 32

Metaphase 1

Back 32

Homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

Front 33

Anaphase 1

Back 33

Homologous chromosomes seperate; cause of haploid condition in daughter cells.

Front 34

Telophase 1

Back 34

Cytokinesis; cell divides.

Front 35

Meiosis II

Back 35

Same as mitosis, except cells are haploid.

Front 36

Gene

Back 36

Part of chromosome that codes for the production of the protein.

Front 37

Alleles

Back 37

Alternative form of the same gene.

Front 38

Homozygous alleles

Back 38

Alleles for a trait are the same.

Front 39

Heterozygous

Back 39

Alleles for a trait are different.

Front 40

Genotype

Back 40

Pair of alleles

Front 41

Phenotype

Back 41

Expression of the genotype.

Front 42

DNA

Back 42

Double stranded, 2 molecules, uses thymine.

Front 43

RNA

Back 43

Single stranded, uses uracil.

Front 44

Genetic code

Back 44

Nitrogenous base triplets.

Front 45

Codon Triplets (mrna)

Back 45

Set of three bases in mrna.

Front 46

Anticodon triplets (tna)

Back 46

Set of three bases in trna. Carries instructions for the proteins.

Front 47

Transcription (nucleus)

Back 47

DNA is used to make mrna.

Front 48

Translation (cytoplasm)

Back 48

mrna--used to produce a polypeptide. Carries instructions for the proteins.

trna--Transfers the amino acids and puts them in the right place.

ribosome--matches mrna codon and trna codon; acts as an enzyme to bond amino acids.

Front 49

Evolution

Back 49

Change in the frequency of alleles in a population, through generations.

Front 50

Genetic equilibrium

Back 50

Opposite of evolution. No change in the frequency of alleles.

Front 51

Natural selection

Back 51

Refers to the change that leads to a change in allele frequencies.

Front 52

Genetic Drift

Back 52

Random change in allele frequencies in small populations.

Front 53

Autotrophic

Back 53

Self-feeding organisms that can do photosynthesis.

Front 54

Heterotrophic

Back 54

Organisms that gains organic nutrients from other organisms.

Front 55

Prokaryotic

Back 55

No nucleus.

Front 56

Eukaryotic

Back 56

Nucleus is present.

Front 57

Radial symmetry

Back 57

2 equal parts when divided. Organism is built like a circle.

Front 58

Bilateral symmetry

Back 58

2-sided organism, only one way to equally divide.

Front 59

Kingdom Eubacteria

Back 59

Prokaryotic and unicellular. Bacteria and Cyanobacteria.

Front 60

Kingdom Protista

Back 60

Protozoans and euglena. Eukaryotic, unicellular, and no cell wall.