Bio Lab Final

Front 1

Classification of a pig

Back 1

Kingdom= Animal
Phylum= Chordata
Class= Mammalia
Order= Artiodactyla
Family= Suidae
Genus= Sus
Species= Domestica

Front 2

What is the difference between a human and pig's digestive system?

Back 2

Pigs have a caecum and humans have a vermiform appendix

Front 3

What is the distinguishing feature that separates males from female pigs?

Back 3

Female has second opening below anus- vaginal opening

Front 4

What is the difference between human and female pig's reproductive systems?

Back 4

Pig females have uteron with horns this allows them to have multiple children

Front 5

What is the function of the respiratory system?

Back 5

1.regulates breathing and divide thoracic and abdominal cavity
2.separates thoracic and abdominal cavity

Front 6

What parts are used for the respiratory system?

Back 6

Air(nose or mouth)> Pharynx(located at the back of nasal cavity)> Trachea>
Lungs

Front 7

Diaphragm

Back 7

a thin layer of muscle located between stomach and chest cavity

Front 8

Do fetal pigs use their diaphragm?

Back 8

No, gas exchange occurs through umbilical cord. Adult pigs use their diaphragm

Front 9

What are the three major components of the circulatory system?

Back 9

heart, blood, and blood vessels

Front 10

Arteries

Back 10

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, or carry oxygenated blood ( Pink color in pigs)

Front 11

Veins

Back 11

blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart (blue color)

Front 12

The importance of plants

Back 12

reduce and control erosion
fish and wildlife habitat
food
human use ( rubber, wood)
fuel, air filters

Front 13

non-vascular, seedless plants

Back 13

bryophytes

Front 14

ferns- vascular, seedless plants

Back 14

pteridophytes

Front 15

coniferous plants- vascular, naked-seeded plants

Back 15

gymnosperms

Front 16

flowering plants- vascular, covered seeded plants with flowers

Back 16

angiosperms

Front 17

General characteristics of plants

Back 17

eukaryotic
cell wall
autotrophic
multi-cellular
A.O.G.

Front 18

where do carnivorous plants mostly grow?

Back 18

In soils poor in nitrogen such as bogs
derive most of their energy from consuming insects and other arthropods

Front 19

General Characteristics of Bryophotes

Back 19

-earliest know land plants
-require water for sexual reproduction and are most commonly found in moist places
-lack vascular tissue, true roots, stems, and leaves

Front 20

Vascular Tissues

Back 20

Xylem (conducts water), Phloem ( conducts nutrients)

Front 21

Plant body

Back 21

thallus

Front 22

What is the dominate generation in Bryophytes?

Back 22

Gametophyte the mature plant body

Front 23

economic importance of bryophytes

Back 23

fuel- genus sphagnum (peat moss)
compressed after they die and dried as fuel

Front 24

What is the criteria for bryophytes?

Back 24

Morphology

Front 25

What are the three phylums of Bryophytes?

Back 25

Hepaticophyta
Bryophyta
Antocerophyta

Front 26

Bryophytes- Hepaticophyta

Back 26

leafy and thallus looks like lobes of liverworts
thallus dorsoventrally flat
bilaterally symmetrical

Front 27

Bryophytes- Bryophyta

Back 27

erect thallus
raidially symmetrical
less reliabe on water due to the presence of special cells that absorbs and retains water

Front 28

bryophytes- Anthocerophyta

Back 28

hornworts

Front 29

bryophytes-pterophyta

Back 29

have xylem and phloem
confined to moist environments- swimming sperm
change in AOG sporophyte is dominant

Front 30

Do all fern have sporophylls?

Back 30

Yes

Front 31

sporo

Back 31

spore

Front 32

phyll

Back 32

leaf

Front 33

sporophyll

Back 33

leaf like structures of the sporophyte generation that bear spore

Front 34

sporangia

Back 34

spore sac where spores are produced

Front 35

sporophyll size

Back 35

mega (large) phyll (leaf) with many veins or small (micro) ohyll (leaf) with one vein

Front 36

homosporous

Back 36

most terrestrial ferns are
only one type of spore (size)

Front 37

heterospory

Back 37

aqautic ferns of Phylum Lycophyta produce two types of spore- megaspore and microspore

Front 38

Megaspore forms

Back 38

female gametophye with achegonia

Front 39

Microspore forms

Back 39

male gametophyte with antheridia

Front 40

Economic Botany

Back 40

sub-discipline of botany that deals with the study of plants of economic importance

Front 41

Bryophytes

Back 41

spores and gametes

Front 42

ferns

Back 42

spores, gametes, and vascular tissue

Front 43

Gymnosperms

Back 43

vascular tissues, seeds, pollen grains, fruits and flowers

Front 44

What is Anthophyta split up into?

Back 44

Monocot and Dicot

Front 45

What is the criteria of anthophyta?

Back 45

Number of seed coats(cotyledons)

Front 46

Monocots

Back 46

-Mostly herbaceous non-woody plants i.e. grasses, orchids, irises, onions, lilies and coconut palms
-Leaves are long and narrow with parallel venation
-Flowers in multiples of threes or fives.
-Endosperm is present in the seed

Front 47

Dicot

Back 47

-Truly woody plants and includes tomato plants, oaks, roses, mustards, cacti, blueberries, sunflowers.
-Broad leaves with netted venation.
-Flower parts in fours and fives or multiple thereof
-Two cotyledons present in seeds
-Endosperm absent in mature seed, having been absorbed by the two cotyledons.

Front 48

seed coats=

Back 48

cotyledon

Front 49

flower

Back 49

reproductive structure of anthophyta

Front 50

Parts of a flower

Back 50

Peduncle- flower stalk
Receptacle- base of the stalk bears floral organs
Sepals- outermost whorls and makes calyx
Petals- colored inner whorls and makes corolla
Perianth- combined calyx and corolla

Front 51

Androecium

Back 51

also called stamen
-male part of flower located inside the petals
- made up of filament and anther
-anther contains pollen grains that produces male gametes

Front 52

Gynoecium

Back 52

carpel or pistil (sporophylls)
each pistil consist of ovary, style, and stigma

Front 53

Microsporogenesis

Back 53

occurs within anther
anther houses microsporangia that produce 2n microspore mother cells

Front 54

Do microspores develop into pollen grains?

Back 54

yes

Front 55

Do microspore mother cells undergo meiosis?

Back 55

yes, they undergo meiosis to produce four microspores

Front 56

Megasporogenesis

Back 56

occurs within the ovary
ovary houses megasporangia that produces 2n megaspore mother cell

Front 57

Does megaspore mother cell undergo meiosis?

Back 57

yes, the mother cell undergos meiosis to produce four megaspores

Front 58

After the megaspore degenerate, does the remaining megaspore undergo mitotic divisions to form embryo sac?

Back 58

Yes

Front 59

how many cells doe the embryo sac usually consist of?

Back 59

7-8 nuclei
six of the cells contain single nucleus including egg

Front 60

polar nuclei

Back 60

central cell in embryo sac contains two nuclei

Front 61

What parts are directly involved in fertilization in angiosperms?

Back 61

egg cell and two polar nuclei
remaining cells degenerate

Front 62

Anther sac splits open releasing what?

Back 62

pollen

Front 63

How does the released pollen move?

Back 63

It transfers to the stigma with the help of wind, water, insects, and other animals

Front 64

What are the two nuclei that angiosperm pollens have?

Back 64

tube and generative nuclei

Front 65

Tube nucleus

Back 65

is vegetative i.e. non-reproductive and grows into pollen tube.

Front 66

Generative nucleus

Back 66

is reproductive and divides into two sperm cells.

Front 67

How are the two sperm nuclei delivered?

Back 67

pollen tube grows down style into the ovary and delivers the two sperm nuclei

Front 68

A.O.G.

Back 68

unique to angiosperms
-One sperm fuses with the egg cell and becomes zygote (2n) [1st fertilization].
-The second sperm fuse with the polar bodies and forms a triploid structure called endosperm (3n) [2nd fertilization]

Front 69

what supplies nutrients to the growing embryo?

Back 69

Endosperm

Front 70

Heterospory

Back 70

producing two types of spores i.e. micro and megaspores

Front 71

What is sporophylls?

Back 71

microsporophylls and megasporophylls

Front 72

Microsporophyll>Microsporangia > Microspores > Male Gametophytes

Back 72

Megasporophyll >Megasporangia > Megaspores >Female Gametophytes

Front 73

Do gymnosperms possess ovules, seeds and pollen grains?

Back 73

Yes

Front 74

How did the evolution of ovules, seeds, and p.g. help?

Back 74

Provided new way to cope with terrestrial conditions such as drought and exposure to UV rays

Front 75

Sporophylls

Back 75

spirally arrange in cone like structures
have microsporophylls and megasporophylls termed as male and female cones (strobilus)

Front 76

Does male cones have microsporangia?

Back 76

Yes, they house pollen grains that develops into male gametophytes

Front 77

After fertilization, the female cones turns into seed and lay exposed on the megasporophylls. What is this called?

Back 77

Naked Seed

Front 78

Angiosperms, ovule is enclosed in a carpel also called?

Back 78

covered seeds

Front 79

What is the criteria for gymnosperms?

Back 79

morphology

Front 80

What are the four phylums of gymnosperms?

Back 80

Cycadophyta, Ginkophyta, Gnetophyta, Coniferophyta

Front 81

Phylum Cycadophyta (Gymnosperms)

Back 81

thrived during the mesozoic era- age of the dinosaurs
-resemble palm trees with evergreen leaves and unbranched trunks
-sperms have flagella- primitive character
EX. Zamia

Front 82

Phylum Ginkgophyta (Gymnosperms)

Back 82

only one species Ginkgo biloba
-Commonly called maidenhair tree deciduous fanlike leaves.
-Popular ornamental trees due to tolerance towards insects, fungi, and pollution.
-Dioecious.
-Landscapers prefer male over females as the latter produce stinky seeds. Have motile sperms similar to Cycads.
-Not found in the wild. Could be extinct already.

Front 83

Phylum Gnetophyta (gymnosperms)

Back 83

smallest group
-some are tropical and other live in deserts
-Very distinctive in appearance and closely resembles flowering plants. (Both internal and external structures)

Front 84

(Phylum Gnetophyta)
Genus Gnetum

Back 84

-includes about 35 species of tropical trees, shrubs, and vines, mainly native to Africa and Asia.
-Leaves looks similar to those of flowering plants.
-Seeds look somewhat like fruits.

Front 85

(Phylum Gnetophyta)
Genus Ephedra

Back 85

-includes about 40 species that inhabit arid regions worldwide.
-These desert shrubs, commonly called “Mormon tea”, produce the compound ephedrine, which is used medicinally as decongestant, stimulant and to control hypotension.

Front 86

(Phylum Gnetophyta)
Genus Welwitschia

Back 86

-consist of only one species, Welwitschia mirabilis.
-It lives only in the deserts of southwestern Africa (Namibia and Angola)
-Its strap like leaves are among the largest leaves known

Front 87

Phylum Coniferophyta (gymnosperms

Back 87

conus = cone and ferre = to carry
Many are large trees such as cypresses and redwoods.
A few conifer species dominate vast forested regions of the northern hemisphere, where the growing season is relatively short because of latitude or altitude.

Front 88

Microsporophylls

Back 88

male cones
It bears microsporangium that produce spores

Front 89

Megasporophylls

Back 89

femal cones and has two spore-producing megasporangia on the upper surface.

Front 90

staminate cones

Back 90

male cones

Front 91

Male cone

Back 91

has micro-sporangium and it produces diploid microspore mother cell (MMC)

Front 92

Microspore mother cell (MMC)

Back 92

undergo meiosis to produce microspores that develops into micro -gametophytes called pollen grains.

Front 93

Each pollen grain has:

Back 93

4 nuclei and a pair of bladder-like wings.

Front 94

pollen grain with bladder like wings looks like?

Back 94

Mickey mouse

Front 95

How many ovules does an ovulate cone scale have?

Back 95

2

Front 96

Each ovule contains megasporangium that produces

Back 96

diploid megaspore mother cells (MMC).

Front 97

MMC undergo meiosis to produce

Back 97

four haploid cells (megaspore) and only one survives
surviving megaspore undergo mitosis and finally develops into mega gametophyte

Front 98

Pollination

Back 98

the transfer of pollen to a receptive surface

Front 99

Why is pollination mostly windborne?

Back 99

b/c of the presence of a bladder

Front 100

The Pollen grain germinates and grows a tube into the

Back 100

archegonium

Front 101

The pollen grain tube releases

Back 101

2 non-motile sperm nuclei and one of them disintegrates and the other one fuses with the egg to form a zygote.