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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define: Cell
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The basic functional unit of life
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Define: Molecular Biology
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The study of biochemistry at the molecular level
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Define: Genetics
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Study of genes
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Define: Evolution
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The change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms through successive generations
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Define: Ecology
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Study of the relation of living organisms to each other and their surroundings
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Light Microscope:
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Operates by light passing through a specimen and a sequence of lenses to form a magnified image
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Electron Microscope
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Produces electronically-magnified image of a specimen
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Parfocal
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When an object in focus on low power is relatively focused when you switch to medium/high power
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Depth of Field
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The vertical distance that remains in focus at each magnification
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Atom
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Basic unit of matter that consists of a nucleus and a cloud of electrons
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Population
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All the organisms that below to the same species and live in the same geographical area
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Organ
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A collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function
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Biome
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A major community of plants and animals with similar life forms and environmental conditions
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Organ System
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A group of organs that work together for a single purpose
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Cell Organelle
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A specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function
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Tissue
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A group of biological cells that perform a similar function
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Community
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A group of interacting species sharing a populated environment
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Biosphere
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The part of the earth and its atmosphere in which living organisms exist or can exist
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Molecule
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Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
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Organism
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Form of life made up of organs and organelles to carry on the processes of life
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Ecosystem
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An environment consisting of all the organisms living in a particular area
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Ocular
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Contains a magnifying lens.
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Tube
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Holds an ocular lens at proper working distance from the objective lens
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Turret
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Allows ocular and tube to revolve after the screw is loosened
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Nosepiece
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Permits interchange of magnification from low to high power
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Objective
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Contains lenses to magnify the image
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Arm
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Used for hand grip when carrying
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Stage
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Large flat surface supports the slide over the hole that admits light from below
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Coarse focus knob
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Changes the distance between the objective lens and the specimen to permit rough focusing
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Blue filter
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Increases the resolution by reducing the wavelength of light
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Mechanical Stage (Compound Only)
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Holds slide on the stage
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Mechanical Stage Knobs (Compound Only)
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One knob moves it horizontally the other vertically
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Fine Focus Knobs (Compound Only)
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Permits exact focusing
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Condenser (Compound Only)
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Contains 2 lenses that focus light onto the specimen
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Iris Diaphragm (Compound Only)
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Regulates the amount of light passing through the lenses in the condenser
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Condenser adjustment (Compound Only)
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Moves condenser up and down
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Lamp Switch (Compound Only)
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Light on/off
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Lamp Intensity (compound only)
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Adjusts the intensity of light produced by the light bulb
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Stage Clips (Dissecting Only)
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Holds the slide in position over the stage
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Main switch (Dissecting Only)
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Controls the supply of power to the scope
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T-Switch (Dissecting Only)
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Turns the light below the specimen on/off
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I-Switch (Dissecting only)
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Turns the light above the specimen on/off
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Resolution
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Refers to the clarity of the image
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Resolving Power
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The minimum distance that two points can be separated and still be distinguished as separate units
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Contrast
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A quality that makes the image stand out better
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How does a light microscope operate?
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By letting light pass through a specimen and a sequence of lenses to form a magnified image
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What is the maximum a light microscope can magnify?
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2,500 times
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What is the resolving power of a light microscope?
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0.2 Micrometers
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Null Hypothesis
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States that there is no preference for one environment over another
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Alternate Hypothesis
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Indicates that there is a preference that may offer a plausible explanation for the results
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Control
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Holding constant all variables in an experiment
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Abiotic Factors
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Non-living chemical and physical factors in the environment
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Replication
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Increases the reliability of the experiment by testing it multiple times to eliminate chance
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Statistics
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The science of collecting, organizing and interpreting numerical data
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Chi-Squared Test
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Tells us whether we can reject the null hypothesis
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Degree of Freedom
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calculated as one less than the number of conditions
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Critical Value
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A value that must be lower than the Chi-Squared in order to reject the null hypothesis
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Steps of the scientific Method
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Observe, Ask an (answerable) question. Develop a hypothesis. Make a prediction (state with if). Design your tests (Control, Experimental and Replication). Analyze the results. Publish the findings
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Chi Squared
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X^2 = Sum of (Observed-Expected)^2/2
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Organic Chemistry
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Chemistry of Carbon and it's compounds
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Categories of Organic Molecules
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Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids
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negative Control
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Results in a color indicative of a negative reaction
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Positive Control
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Molecules in the known solution react with those in the reagent to produce a color characteristic of a positive reaction
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Starch
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Polysaccharide Carbohydrate. Plats store the sugars they have made through photosynthesis as Starch
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Monomers
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Small repeating units
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Acid Hydrolysis
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The breaking down of macromolecules into monomers in the presence of heat and acid
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pH Scale
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Describes the concentration of H+ Ions in an aqueous solution
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Buffers
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Minimize the changes in concetration of H+ ions and OH ions
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Nucleus
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Membrane Bound organelle surrounded by a double membrane
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Nucleur Membrane
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Double lipid bilayer that encloses genetic material
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Nucleolus
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Found within the nucleus composed of protein and nucleic acids
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Cell Membrane
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Separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment
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Cell wall
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Tough, mostly rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells
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Mitochondria
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Convert energy into forms that are usable by the cell
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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responsible for the protein and lipid components of most of the cells organelles
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Lysosomes
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Vesicles that digest particles or cells
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Ribosomes
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Make proteins from all amino acids
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Chloroplasts
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Found in plants. Conduct photosynthesis
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Diffusion
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Small particles or molecules spreading from an area of high concentration to lower concentration areas.
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Osmosis
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Diffusion of water across a differentially permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration
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Hypertonic
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Contain a higher concentration of solute (Plasmolysis)
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Hypotonic
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Contains a lower concentration of solute (Lysis)
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Isotonic
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Same concentration of solute
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Plasmolysis
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Contraction of cell within plants due to the loss of water through osmosis
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Turgor Pressure
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Is the main pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall
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Osmotic Pressure
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Pressure applied by a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semi-permeable membrane
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Cell Theory
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The cell is the basic structural functional and developmental unit of life
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Amyloplasts
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Organelles responsible for synthesis and storage of starch
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Cyclosis
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A regular cyclic movement of protoplasm around the cell
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