- (Bio Lab) - #13 Practical Prep

Front 1

Craniata Apo
(8 of em)

Back 1

1. Cranium

2. Elaborate brain

3. Sense organs (eyes, nose, ears)

4. Lateral Line system

5. Two-chamber heart

6. Kidney

7. Liver

8. Hemoglobin compounds

Front 2

What is the neural crest?

Back 2

Area that cells aggregate in the embryo, and later form: teeth, bones, cartilage of skull, and neurons

Front 3

What is the Lateral Line System?

Back 3

receptors in the skin that detect vibrations in surrounding water. Helps detect predators and prey.

Front 4

Better sense organs likely coevolved with…

Back 4

…the more elaborate brain. Better sense organs would need a more complex brain to process the information.

Front 5

What does hemoglobin function in?

Back 5

Binds oxygen, thus increasing the oxygen content of the blood.

Front 6

Myxini are commonly known as the…

Back 6

Hagfish

Front 7

Who are the closest relatives to the vertebrates?

Back 7

The Hagfish

Front 8

Apo for Hagfish, and what they function in
(3 of em)

Back 8

1. Oral tentacles - Sense organs for feeding

2. keratinized oral plates - Attached to tongue like structure in mouth. Used to grasp and tear food.

3. Defensive proteinaceous threads in epidermal mucus glands - Secrete a mass of gooey/sticky substance (as a defense mechanism)

Hint 8

(DOK)

Front 9

General physical characteristics of a hagfish

Back 9

> 1 meter long
Elongated (wormlike)
scale-less
pinkish or purplish color

Front 10

Apo for Vertebrata, and what they function in
(4 of em)

Back 10

1. Neural Arches - Surroung dorsal hollow nerve cord
2. Bone made of calcium phosphate
3. Photo-sensory pineal gland - Detects presence or absence of light. Functions in migration in some lineages.
4. Myoglobin - An additional respiratory pigment. Increases diffusion of blood to mitochondria.

Hint 10

PBMN

Front 11

Petromyzontida are commonly know as…

Back 11

Lampreys

Front 12

What is a larval Lamprey called?

Back 12

An Ammocoetes larva

Front 13

Apo for Lamprey, what that they do
(2 of em)

Back 13

1. Parasitic - Usually on larger fish. Attach and use tongue to extract blood and tissue
2. Anadromous - Adults migrate from ocean to freshwater to reproduce. Juveniles move back to ocean to mature.

Front 14

Gnathostomata refer to…

Back 14

…all jawed vertebrates

Front 15

Apo for Gnathostomata, and their function
(6 of em)

Back 15

1. Jaws - evolved from forward migration of pharyngeal bars. Good for defense and offense.
2. Calcified Teeth - Derived from calcium phosphate skeleton. Increased efficiency in feeding
3. Paired pectoral and pelvic fins - Twin fins on ventral (“bottom”) surface. Most anterior is the pectoral fin, the more posterior is the pelvic fin.
4. Vertebral column - Axis of skeleton; increased strength. Replaced notochord.
5. Stomach, Pancreas, and Spleen
Stomach - Digests stuff
Pancreas - Enzymes for digestion of fats, proteins and carbs
Spleen - Formation, storage and destruction of blood cells
6. Heterocercal Tail - Top lobe on posterior fin is more rigid. Give increase in lift and acceleration. Functions better as a predator

Front 16

What did jaws in the Gnathostomata evolve from?

Back 16

evolved from forward migration of pharyngeal bars

Front 17

Craniata consist of which 2 groups?
(one encompases many more groups, one a single lineage)

Back 17

Myxini
Vertebrata

Front 18

Vertebrata consist of which 2 groups?
(one encompases many more groups, one a single lineage)

Back 18

Petromyzonida
Gnathostomata

Front 19

Gnathostomata consists of which 2 groups?

Back 19

Chondrichthyes
Osteichthyes

Front 20

Chondrichthyes consists of which 2 groups?

Back 20

Holocephali (Ratfishes)
Elasmobranchii (Sharks, skates, rays)

Front 21

Osteichthyes consist of which 2 groups?
(one encompases many more groups, one a single lineage)

Back 21

Actinopterygii (Ray-finned fish)
Sarcopterygii

Front 22

Sarcopterygii consist of which 2 groups?
(one encompases many more groups, one a single lineage)

Back 22

Actinistia (Coelacanths)
Choanata

Front 23

Choanata consists of which 2 groups?

Back 23

Dipnoi (Lungfish)
Tetrapoda

Front 24

Apo for Chrondrichthyes, and their functions
(2 of em)

Back 24

1. Claspers on pelvic fins of males - Used for copulation
2. Placoid scales - Conical scales that resemble teeth. Rub one way…

Hint 24

PC

Front 25

Holocephali are commonly know as the…

Back 25

Ratfish

Front 26

Apo for Holocephali, and their function
(4 of em)

Back 26

1. Toothplates - Teeth fused together. No stomach required because it works so well in mashing stuff
2. Placoid scales spare - skin smoother
3. Cephalic clasper on male - Function unknown, but he still has a copulatory clasper on his head…
4. Prepelvic Clasper on male - because they’re just that horny

Hint 26

CEPT

Front 27

3 common critters among the Elasmobranchii are:

Back 27

sharks
rays
skates

Front 28

Apo for Elasmobranchii, and their function
(2 of em)

Back 28

1. 2 fin spine - Dorsal fin has a small notch in it, creating two fins
2. Ampullae of Lorenzin - Electroreceptors concentrated on snout detect changes in electric field (they sense you…)

Front 29

Apo for Osteichthyes, and their function
(3 of em)

Back 29

1. Gas bladder or lung - Buoyancy control, regulates amount of gas. Functions as a lung in some actinopterygians
2. Scales adenticulate - No more denticles (skin smoother?)
3. Bony Operculum - Hard flap covering gills. Coordinates with mouth for respiration

Hint 29

SGB

Front 30

Actinopterygii are commonly known as the…

Back 30

Ray-fined fish

Front 31

The most numerous group of Craniata are the…

Back 31

Actinopterygii. They form almost half of all Craniata

Front 32

Apo for Actinopterygii, and its function
(only 1 of em)

Back 32

Ganoine - Enamel like tissue in scales

Front 33

The caudal fin is __________ in most Actinopterygii

Back 33

homocercal

Front 34

Apo for Sarcopterygii
(2 of em)

Back 34

1. True enamel on teeth
2. Muscular and lobed pectoral and pelvic fins

Front 35

Apo for Choanata, and its function
(only 1 of em)

Back 35

Bile Salts - Produced by the liver. Helps to break down fats into manageable pieces

Front 36

Apo for Actinistia
(only 1 of em)

Back 36

Ossified Gas bladder - It don’t work no mo

Front 37

The Dipnoi are commonly known as the…

Back 37

lungfish

Front 38

Apo for Dipnoi
(only 1 of em)

Back 38

1. Thin scales imbedded in skin; makes them softer

Front 39

What is unique about the gasbladder in the Dipnoi?

Back 39

It’s used as a lung (though it isn’t an actual “lung”)