Bio K101 Lab Exam 1

Front 1

Clean microscope with?

Back 1

Cotton swabs, 95% ethyl alcohol or water

Front 2

Compound microscope

Back 2

Has 2 sets of lenses (ocular lens + objective lense)

Front 3

A microscope with two ocular lenses is called a __?

Back 3

Binocular microscope

Front 4

The magnification provided by the eyepiece or ocular lens can range from ____ to __?

Back 4

8x to 12x

Front 5

Define Resolution

Back 5

the ability to produce a sharp image between of two points such that both points can still be distinguished from each other

Front 6

Another name for the eye piece?

Back 6

Ocular lens

Front 7

Highest power objective lens is called?

Back 7

‘oil immersion’ lens
(used with a drop of high quality, clear, immersion oil between the lens and the specimen to cut down on light scattering and thus to improve resolution of the image)

Front 8

What is the iris diaphragm

Back 8

opens and closes the amount of light

Front 9

What is the condenser

Back 9

controls focusing the light from source below to lens above (by condenser knob)

Front 10

What do the focusing knobs do?

Back 10

larger coarse focus adjustment and a smaller fine focus adjustment (move the stage up and down)

Front 11

What does Parfocal mean?

Back 11

once a specimen is focused under low power, it is partially (‘par-‘) focused at all the rest of the magnifications.

Front 12

µM to mM

Back 12

1000 microns (µm) in a millimeter (mm)
a field of view that is 5 mm is 5000 microns.

Front 13

What is ProtoSlow?

Back 13

(soluble cellulose fibers) can be added if you note many fast-moving cells.

Front 14

Elodea leaf.

Back 14

Elodea is a flowering pond plant whose leaves are one to two cells thick.

Front 15

An image of the plant cell under low power, compared to the image of the same plant cell under high power, would be

Back 15

larger and in a brighter field of view

Front 16

Field of view at 40x magnification

Back 16

(4x objective + 10x occular)

Front 17

The maximum magnification on your light microscope is?

Back 17

1000x (10 x 100)

Front 18

meniscus

Back 18

the curved boundary between the water and the air

Front 19

Remember that when you use a graduated cylinder, the volume is read by...

Back 19

looking at the bottom of the meniscus

Front 20

When should numbers be put into scientific notation?

Back 20

When number is 10 or LARGER or SMALLER than 1

Front 21

Mega

Back 21

M 1,000,000 10^6 Million

Front 22

Kilo

Back 22

1,000 10^3 Thousand

Front 23

Hecto

Back 23

h 100 10^2 Hundred

Front 24

Deca

Back 24

da 10 10^1 Ten

Front 25

Deci

Back 25

d 0.1 10^-1 Tenth

Front 26

Centi

Back 26

c 0.01 10^-2 Hundredth

Front 27

Milli

Back 27

m 0.001 10^-3 Thousandth

Front 28

Micro

Back 28

µ 0.000001 10^-6 Millionth

Front 29

Nano-

Back 29

n 0.000000001 10^-9 Billionth

Front 30

Distance between micro, milli, ‘one’ and kilo

Back 30

The distance between each of them is 1000 (103)!
1 meter = 1000 mm (millimeters) = 1 million µm (micrometers)

Front 31

P1000

Back 31

delivers 1 mL max (1000microL)
and accurately down to 100 µl

Front 32

P200

Back 32

delivers 200 µl max
and accurately down to 10 µl

Front 33

P20

Back 33

delivers 20 µL max
and accurately down to 1 µl

Front 34

P2

Back 34

delivers 2 µl max
and accurately down to 0.1 µl

Front 35

What is a SpectroVis spectrophotometer

Back 35

Device that can produce a spectral scan (Absorbance vs. Wavelength) and measure the absorbance of liquids

Front 36

What are the 2 categorize of Simple sugars?

Back 36

monosaccharides or disaccharides

Front 37

What are Dietary monosaccharides examples?

Back 37

glucose, galactose, and fructose

Front 38

Common dietary disaccharides

Back 38

lactose (‘milk sugar’= glu-gal),
maltose (‘malt sugar’= glu-glu)
and sucrose (‘table sugar’ = glu-fru).

Front 39

Benedict's test

Back 39

test for identifying simple sugars (monosaccharide and some disaccharides)
adding Benedict's solution to a food substance to be tested and boiling gently

Front 40

Sugars that are identified by Benedict’s reagent are called?

Back 40

‘reducing sugars’

.....they have a carbonyl group (C=O either as an aldehyde or a ketone) as part of their molecular structure.

Front 41

How what reacts with what in a Benedit Test?

Back 41

Copper Sufate + sugar electron = cuprous oxide

Benedict's solution contains copper sulfate, which reacts with electrons from the aldehyde or ketone group of the reducing sugar to form cuprous oxide, a red-brown precipitate

Front 42

A positive Benedict's sugar test

Back 42

orange to brick-red color
the intensity of the color reflecting the amount of sugar present

Front 43

reducing sugars include.....

Back 43

All monosaccharides and only some of the disaccharides have exposed carbonyl groups, and are thus reducing sugars

Front 44

What is Splenda?

Back 44

(sucralose)
- a molecule of sucrose that is modified by replacing 3 of the –OH groups in sucrose with 3 Cl atoms.

Front 45

Why will Polysaccharides not react in Benedict’s test?

Back 45

Polysaccharides (like starch or cellulous) lack free carbonyl groups

Front 46

‘complex carbohydrate’

Back 46

refers to carbohydrate polymers larger than disaccharides.

(found in foods like include pastas, starchy vegetables and fruits such as potatoes, rice and corn, whole grains, cereals, and dried beans.)

Front 47

two main types of kinds of polysaccharides

Back 47

amylose and amylopectin (plant starches are composed of these)
Both are composed of a-glucose monomers linked together

Front 48

Amylose polymers structure.....

Back 48

Amylose polymers (starches) tend to be long and fairly unbranched coils (helical) of a-glucose.

Front 49

Glycogen structure

Back 49

highly branched a-glucose polymer (Animals store glucose in this form)

Front 50

What enzyme begins the digestion of carbs?

Back 50

amylases (first in salivary glands, then in pancreas and small intestines)

Front 51

Test to detect starches?

Back 51

Lugol's iodine test

Front 52

What is the chemical interaction in the Lugol's iodine test?

Back 52

KI (Potassium iodide) reacts with the starch molecule to form a deep blue/brown to dark purple (nearly black) color product.
For iodine test to work, the amylose must be present (so the test cannot test if there is no starch, but only if there is + or – amylose)

Front 53

Positive Lugol Iodine test result?

Back 53

deep blue/brown to dark purple (nearly black) color product.

Front 54

Limit to Lugol Iodine test for starch?

Back 54

ForThe amylose must be present
(so the test cannot test if there is no starch, but only if there is + or – amylose)

Front 55

How does the Lugol’s iodine test work?

Back 55

Molecules of iodine fit into the coiled chain of the glucose polymer Amylose and result this color change in the presence of starch.

Front 56

In Lugol’s iodine test, foods that stain blue = ___?

Back 56

Foods that are high in amylopectin

Front 57

In Lugol’s iodine test, foods immediately stain dark purple (or sometimes brown or black) = ___?

Back 57

= high in amylose

Front 58

OIL RIGS (acronym)

Back 58

Oxidation
Is
Loss (of electrons)
Reduction
Is
Gain (of electrons)

Front 59

Reducing agent

Back 59

loses its electrons to another compound (reducing it), so it itself becomes oxidized

Front 60

Oxidizing Agent

Back 60

gains electrons from another compound (oxidizing it), so it itself becomes reduced.
(or think of reduction as the loss, reduction, of electrons)

Front 61

Limits to Lugol’s iodine test

Back 61

The test cannot see if there are NO sugars, but if there are no reducing sugars

Front 62

Where does the digestion of lipids primarily occur?

Back 62

Small intestine

Front 63

What is the process of lipid digestion?

Back 63

(a) BILE produced in liver breaks down lipids into smaller droplets
Then (b) the pancreatic enzyme LIPASE breaks it down further for absorption.

Front 64

Common structure of Lipids

Back 64

A glycerol “head” + hydrophobic fatty acid “tails”.

Front 65

How does the Sudan IV test work?

Back 65

Lipids absorb the color......
Use of the fat-soluble dye, Sudan IV. Lipids absorb the fat-soluble Sudan IV pigments, producing a red color as a positive test.
In the centrifuge, separation will occur, a fat layer

Front 66

Was vegetable oil a + Sudan IV test?

Back 66

Yes

Front 67

Diacylglycerides

Back 67

Lipids with two fatty acid chains attached to a phosphorylated glycerol head or PHOSPHOLIPIDS

(make up the fluid boundary between cells and their environment, called a phospholipid bilayer)

Front 68

Triacylgylcerides Structure

Back 68

(fats and oils) have three fatty acid tails connected to the glycerol head by dehydration synthesis.

Front 69

What are all proteins made of?

Back 69

chains of amino acids
(folded into a 3-dimensional conformation that is crucial to the function of that protein.)

Front 70

How are amino acids linked?

Back 70

-Covalent bonds called peptide bonds
-NH3 + COOH
Form between the NH3 (amino) from of one amino acid to the COOH (carboxylic acid) group of another, eventually forming a protein, or polypeptide chain.

Front 71

How many of the c. 20 essential amino acids can humans make?

Back 71

Over half of the ~20 amino acids needed for protein synthesis
-the other 9 ‘essential’ amino acids must be obtained from our diet

Front 72

What are enzymes in the stomach and small intestine (respectively) break down proteins to separate amino acids?

Back 72

Tripsin (stomach) and Pepsin (small intestines)

Front 73

What is the protein test and what gives a positive?

Back 73

Biuret Test
2 or more adjacent peptide bonds

Front 74

What is a positive Biuret test?

Back 74

violet/purple complex (the more the darker)

Front 75

What in the Biuret test reacts with the peptide bonds?

Back 75

COPPER SALTS in the Biuret reagent.

Front 76

A key feature at the boundary of all living cells – like yours – is the presence of a ___?

Back 76

selectively permeable lipid bilayer.

Front 77

What are examples of the lipid bilayer’s selectivity?

Back 77

Allows diffusion of some small molecules, (CO2, O2, some salts and ions)
restricts the passage of other large, polar, or charged molecules (water, proteins, glucose, some salts and ions).

Front 78

What is dialysis tubing made of?

Back 78

a synthetic, selectively permeable cellulose material

Front 79

What is the barium chloride (BaCl2) test for?

Back 79

Sulfate Ion (SO4-)

Front 80

What is the Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) Test for?

Back 80

Chloride ion (Cl2)

Front 81

What is a positive Silver Nitrate Test?

Back 81

milky-white precipitate of silver chloride (AgCl) indicates the presence of chloride ions (Cl2).

Front 82

What is + Barium Chloride Test?

Back 82

White precipitate of barium sulfate (BaSO4) will form.

Front 83

In the lab did any of the molecules pass through the dialysis bag?

Back 83

Albumin, Starch, Glucose, Sulfate – NO
Chloride ion + (on some tests)