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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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primary productivity |
amount of energy produced |
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species richness |
# of species present |
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community |
species occurring in specific locality |
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ecological footprint |
disparity between footprint left by small population that represents a large amount of wasteatm |
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metapopulation |
A metapopulation consists of a group of spatially separated populations of the same species which interact at some level. |
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clumped spacing |
groups, clusters, response to uneven distribution of resources ce |
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ecotones |
places where the enviornment changes abruptly |
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competitive exclusion |
if two species are competing for resources, the one that uses them more effectively will win |
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fundamental niche |
set of enviornmental conditions (including absence of other species) where stable population can be established |
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interference competition |
physical interactions over access to resources ex: fighting over territory |
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interspecific competition |
2 species use the same resources are there are not enough to satisfy both |
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carrying capacity |
populations eventually reach limits imposed by shortages |
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the maximum an individual population can support |
symbolized by "k" |
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density-dependent effects |
population increases (decreased mortality or increase in births) |
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resource partitioning |
different patterns of resource use |
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mutalism |
symbiotic relationship between organisms where both benefit |
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coevolution |
"arms race" --> each species evolves to circumvent the defense mechanisms of the other |
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allee effect |
phenomenon characterized by correlation between population rise and density mean individual fitness |
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biotic potential |
assumes population grows without limits and that emigration and immigration are occurring |
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semelparity |
tradeoff between age and fecundity/ focus resources on large events usually in short lived species |
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iteroparity |
produce several offspring during life, over many seasons |
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cost of reproductivity |
reduction in future reproductive potential resulting from reproductive efforts |
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fecundity |
number of offspring produced in a standard time |
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random spacing |
occurs so that individuals in a population do not interact strongly with one another |
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denography |
quantitative study of populations, how size changes over time |
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what affects population growth rate |
sex ratio, generation |
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uniform spacing |
competition for resources, behavioral interaction |
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clumped spacing |
group's, cluster's responses to uneven distribution of resources |
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ethology |
study of behavior, with emphasis on programmed behaviors |
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4 levels of behavior |
(1) physiology (how it is influenced by hor- mones, nerve cells, and other internal factors); (2) ontogeny (how it develops in an individual); (3) phylogeny and (4) adaptive significance |
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behavioral genetics |
contribution heredity makes to behavior |
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learning mechanisms |
habituation and association |
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classical conditioning |
paired presentation of two different kinds of stimuli causes the animal to form an association between the stimuli.
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operant conditioning |
animal learns to associate its behavioral response with a reward or punishment
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imprinting |
behavioral development that forms because of social attachments |
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cognitive behavior |
behavior that suggests thinking |
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behavioral ecology |
the study of how natural selections shapes behavior |
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optimal foraging theory |
natural selection favors indi- viduals whose foraging behavior is as energetically efficient as possible
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territorality |
the home range of several individuals overlaps in time or in space but each individual defends a portion of its home range and uses it and its resources exclusively
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parental investment |
the time/energy each sex puts into reproductive efforts |
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sexual selection |
competition for mates |
