Bio Ii Chapter 35The Immune System

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•antimicrobial peptides

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called host defensepeptides (HDPs) are part of the innate immune response found among all classes of life. Fundamental differences exist between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that may represent targets for antimicrobial peptides.

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pus

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•afluid rich in white blood cells, dead pathogens, and cell debris from damagedtissues

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fever

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•systemicinflammatory response triggered by substances released by macrophages

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septic shock

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•life-threateningcondition caused by an overwhelming inflammatory response

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chronic inflamation

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can threaten human health

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lysosomes

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organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane.

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tuberculosis TB

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resists breakdown within lysosomes after being engulfed by a host cell

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self tolerance

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lack of reactivity against animal's own molecules

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immunological memory

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distinct characteristic of the immune system and it relates to its ability to remember antigens on pathogens, tumour cells, tissue of theimmunological self, and cells and tissues derived from other individuals of the species and mount an immunological response of greater magnitude

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lymphocytes

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white blood cells

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t cells

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lymphocytes that mature in the thymus above the heart

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b cells

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lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow are called b cells

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antigens

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substances that can elicit a response from a B or T cell

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antigen receptor

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recognition occurs when a B or T cell binds to an antigen. the immune system makes millions of different receptors but the receptors on a single B cell or T cell are all identical to one another

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lymph nodes

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each of a number of small swellings in the lymphatic system where lymph is filtered and lymphocytes are formed.

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lymphocyte

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SMALL WHITE BLOOD CELL W/ SINGLE NUCLEUS OCCURS IN LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. form of small leukocyte (white blood cell) with a single round nucleus, occurring especially in the lymphatic system.

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clonal selection

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once activated a B or T cell undergoes multiple cell divisions to produce a clone of identical cells (clonal selection)

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memory cells

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give rise to effector cells if same antigen is encountered again. a long-lived lymphocyte capable of responding to a particular antigen on its reintroduction, long after the exposure that prompted its production.

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plasma cells

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secrete antibodies. a fully differentiated B cell that produces a single type of antibody.

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apoptosis

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programmed cell death

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primary immune response

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during this time selected B and T cells give rise to their effector forms

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secondary immune response.

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memory cells facilitate a faster, stronger, and longer response.

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humoral immune response

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antibodies help neutralize or eleminate toxins and pathogens in the blood and lymph

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cell mediated immune response

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specialized t cells destroy infected host cells

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helper t cell

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triggers both humoral and cell mediated immune response.

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antibodies

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do not kill pathogens; they mark pathogens for destruction

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neutralization

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antibibodies bind to viral surface proteins, preventing infection of a host cell. antibodies may also bind to toxins in body fluids and prevent them from entering body cells

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antigen-antibody complexes

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may bind to a complement protein.

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lysis

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the disintegration of a cell by rupture of the cell wall or membrane.

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cytotoxic T cells

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effector cells in the cell mediated immune response

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active immunity

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occurs naturally when a pathogen infects the body. it is induced when antigns are introduced into the body in vacccines.

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immuniztion

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the action of making a person or animal immune to infection, typically by inoculation.

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passive immunity

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provides immediate, short term protection. –Itis conferred naturally when antibodies cross the placenta frommother to fetus or pass from mother to infant in breast milk–Passiveimmunity can be conferred artificially by injecting antibodies into a nonimmuneperson

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both passive and active immunity can be induced artificially

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true

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immune rejection

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cells transferred from one person to another can be destroyed (rejected) by recipient's immune defenses. to minimize rejection, doctors use donor tissue that closely matches the MHC molecules of the recipient. recipient also takes meds that suppress their immune response

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MHC major histocompatibility complex

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is a set of cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to recognize foreign molecules in vertebrates, which in turn determines histocompatibility.

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allergens

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substance that causes an alergic reaction. allergies are exaggerated responses to antigens called allergens

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antihistamines block receptors for histamine and diminish allergy symptoms

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true

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anaphylacctic shock

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life threatening reaction. triggered by allergic reactions to bee sting, penicillin, peanuts, shellfish. ppl with these cary epinephrine to counteract the allergic response

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autoimmune diseases.

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include systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diapetes, multiple sclerosis. genes heredity, and environment all influence susceptibility to an autoimmune disorder. A disease in which the body produces antibodies that attack its own tissues, leading to the deterioration and in some cases to the destruction of such tissue.