Bio Flashcards S1

Front 1

Resolution

Back 1

ability of a microscope to see an image clearly

Front 2

Diaphragm

Back 2

regulates amount of light coming through the stage

Front 3

Autotroph

Back 3

organism that can make its own food

Front 4

Heterotroph

Back 4

organism that feeds upon others for nutrition

Front 5

Ribosome

Back 5

cell organelle where protein synthesis occurs

Front 6

Golgi apparatus

Back 6

organelle that packages cell proteins

Front 7

Centriole

Back 7

organelle of animal cell that helps pull chromosomes apart in mitosis

Front 8

Chloroplast

Back 8

organelle where photosynthesis occurs in plant cells

Front 9

Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 9

transportation system of the cell

Front 10

Chlorophyll

Back 10

green pigment that can absorb the energy of the sun

Front 11

Nucleolus

Back 11

organelle in the nucleus that makes RNA

Front 12

Nucleus

Back 12

cell organelle that controls the activities of the cell

Front 13

Stroma

Back 13

thick fluid in the chloroplast

Front 14

Thylakoid

Back 14

disklike structure that contains chlorophyll in the chloroplast

Front 15

Granum

Back 15

stack of thylakoids

Front 16

Cristae

Back 16

folds in the mitochondrion

Front 17

Mitochondrion

Back 17

cell organelle that acts as a powerhouse for the cell

Front 18

Eukaryotic

Back 18

cell with a true nucleus and membrane-bounded organelles

Front 19

Prokaryotic

Back 19

primitive cell lacking a nucleus and membrane-bounded organelles

Front 20

Fermentation

Back 20

cell respiration that does not use oxygen and produces CO2 and alcohol

Front 21

Lactic acid

Back 21

chemical causing muscle soreness when oxygen is not available

Front 22

Mitosis

Back 22

cell division process that produces two daughter cells

Front 23

Meiosis

Back 23

cell division that produces sex cells

Front 24

Active transport

Back 24

process requiring energy that moves materials in and out of cells

Front 25

Exocytosis

Back 25

process by which large molecules are excreted from a cell

Front 26

Endocytosis

Back 26

process by which large molecules are taken into a cell

Front 27

Osmosis

Back 27

movement of water through a membrane from high to low concentration

Front 28

Diffusion

Back 28

movement of molecules from areas of high to low concentration

Front 29

Facilitated diffusion

Back 29

movement of molecules through channels in the cell membrane

Front 30

Haploid number

Back 30

half the normal number of chromosomes found in sex cells

Front 31

Diploid number

Back 31

the normal number of chromosomes found in body cells

Front 32

Amino acids

Back 32

building blocks of proteins

Front 33

Substrate

Back 33

substance that an enzyme reacts with

Front 34

Enzyme

Back 34

protein that speeds up a chemical reaction without it being used up

Front 35

pH

Back 35

scale used to measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance

Front 36

Atomic number

Back 36

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element

Front 37

Atomic mass

Back 37

number of protons and neutrons in an atom

Front 38

Element

Back 38

pure substance that cannot be broken down chemically into a simpler substance

Front 39

Biogenesis

Back 39

idea that life can only arise from preexisting life

Front 40

Spontaneous generation

Back 40

idea that life can come from non-living things

Front 41

Nucleotide

Back 41

building block of nucleic acids

Front 42

Covalent bond

Back 42

bond in which electrons are shared

Front 43

Ionic bond

Back 43

bond formed when two ions are attracted

Front 44

Mutation

Back 44

change in a gene or DNA

Front 45

Karyotype

Back 45

representation of the chromosomes of a species

Front 46

Replication

Back 46

process in which DNA makes a copy of itself

Front 47

Transcription

Back 47

process by which DNA is copied by messenger RNA

Front 48

Translation

Back 48

process in which tRNA decodes mRNA

Front 49

Codon

Back 49

three base sequence of mRNA

Front 50

Anticodon

Back 50

three base sequence of tRNA

Front 51

Species

Back 51

group of organisms that breed in nature and produce fertile offspring

Front 52

Natural selection

Back 52

process by which nature chooses those individuals that best adapted to survive and reproduce

Front 53

Sex-linked trait

Back 53

trait whose genes are found on the X chromosome

Front 54

Sex-influenced trait

Back 54

trait that expresses itself differently in males and females

Front 55

Heterozygous

Back 55

having two different alleles

Front 56

Homozygous

Back 56

having two alles that are the same

Front 57

Incomplete dominance

Back 57

blending of two traits to produce a third trait

Front 58

Codominance

Back 58

inheritance in which both traits are expressed

Front 59

Genotype

Back 59

type of genes found on chromososmes

Front 60

Phenotype

Back 60

physical trait as a result of inherited genes

Front 61

Adaptation

Back 61

trait that helps an organism survive

Front 62

Allele

Back 62

alternate form of a gene

Front 63

Divergent evolution

Back 63

process in which an ancestor gives rise to two or more species

Front 64

Convergent evolution

Back 64

process by which unrelated organisms become more alike by sharing a common habitat

Front 65

Who made the first microscope?

Back 65

Van Leewenhoek

Front 66

Who proposed that the ancient atmosphere contained the raw materials to produce the first primitive life?

Back 66

Oparin

Front 67

Who named the cell?

Back 67

Hooke

Front 68

Who is considered the “father of genetics”?

Back 68

Darwin

Front 69

What are 5 characteristics of living things?

Back 69

Made of cells, Use energy constantly, React to their environment, capable of growth, capable of reproduction, have a life span

Front 70

What are the parts of the cell cycle?

Back 70

Interphase, mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), cytokinesis

Front 71

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

Back 71

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Where does the process occur? chloroplast

Front 72

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

Back 72

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + 38 ATP Where does most of the process occur? Cytoplasm and mitochondrion

Front 73

Why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration considered to be complementary processes?

Back 73

The raw materials of one process are the end products of the other. While the processes chemically are different, they help maintain the balance of oxygen and CO2 on Earth

Front 74

The breakdown of glucose aerobically produces how many ATP molecules?

Back 74

38

Front 75

What are 3 reasons cell divide periodically?

Back 75

Growth, repair, reproduction in unicellular organisms

Front 76

What is the cell division that produces normal body cells called

Back 76

mitosis

Front 77

how many cells are produced?

Back 77

2

Front 78

What is the chromosome number of the daughter cells?

Back 78

Diploid number (same as the parent cell)

Front 79

What type of cell division that produces sex cells (gametes)? How many cells are produced?

Back 79

meiosis, 4

Front 80

What are 3 properties of water?

Back 80

Cohesion, capillarity, polarity, high specific heat

Front 81

How many Calories are produced from the breakdown of 1 gram of lipid? carbs? proteins?

Back 81

9
& 4, 4

Front 82

During which stage of mitosis does the nuclear membrane breakdown and chromosomes become visible? prophase Do chromosomes line up at the cell’s equator?

Back 82

prophase, metaphase

Front 83

Do chromosomes pull toward opposite sides of the cell?

Back 83

anaphase

Front 84

Do daughter cells form?

Back 84

telophase

Front 85

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

Back 85

Nitrogen base, phosphate, sugar

Front 86

What are 3 differences between DNA and RNA?

Back 86

DNA uses deoxyribose as its sugar, RNA uses ribose, DNA is a double strand, RNA is a single strand, DNA uses thymine as one of its nitrogen bases, RNA uses Uracil instead

Front 87

What are 4 evidences that evolution has occurred

Back 87

Fossils, embryo similarity, Genetic similarity, presence of homologous and analogous organs, and vestigial organs