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151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 2 Modern Taxonomic Systems?
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5 Kingdom System
3 Domain System |
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Describe the 5 Kingdom System
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Oldest sysetm, developed using Macroscopi
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What are the 5 Kingdoms?
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Monera
Fungi Protista Plant Animal |
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Describe the 3 Domain System
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developed using molecular observasions, by comparing DNA
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What are the 3 Domains
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Archaea
Bacteria Eukarya |
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Characteristics of Archaea
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always unicellular
prokaryotic auto/heterotrophic oldest life small inhabit extremes |
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Characteristics of Bacteria
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always unicellular
prokaryotic auto/heterotrophic live EVERYWHERE |
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Characteristics of Eukarya
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uni/multicellular
eukaryotic live most places auto/heterotrophic there are 5 distinct groups |
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5 distinct groups of Eukarya
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Protozoa
Alagae Fungi Plants Animals |
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What are the 3 questions that are used to distrubute within the 5 kingdom system?
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-Is there a cell wall? (if so what is it made of?)
-How does it obtain food? -How are its cells arranged? |
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Characteristics of Kingdom Monera
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Prokaryotic
Auto/Hetertrophic always unicellular cell wall made of Peptidoglycane |
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Examples of members of Kingdom Monera
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Estracherichia Coli (E.Coli)
Staphylocaocus Aureus (Staph) |
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Characteristics of Kingdom Protista
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Eukaryotic
Auto/Heterotrophic uni/multicellular cell wall madeof various material 2 main groups |
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2 main groups of Kingdom Protista
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Protazoa (heterotrophs)
Algae (autotrophs) |
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Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi
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Eukaryotic
Always Heterotrophs uni/multicellular cell wall made of Chitin |
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example of member of Kingdom Fungi
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Yeast
Mushroom |
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Characteristics of Kingdom Plantae
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Eukaryotic
Always Autotrophic Always multicellular cell wall made of cellulose |
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Characteristics of Kingdom Animalia
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Eukaryotic
Always Heterotrophic Always multicellular |
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Taxonomic
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give names to species whether they are dead or alive
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Binomial Nomenclature
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a name system for writing scientific names
Genus name CAPITILIZED species name lowercase both italizied/ underlined |
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The most successfull organisms on the planet are...
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bacteria
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Bacteria are the _______ organisms, they are ______years old
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oldest
4.5billion |
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There are more oganisms in_______ than in every other kingdom combined
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Kingdom Monera
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Name 3 Bacterial Adaptions
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Endospore
Glycocalyx Fimbrae |
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Endospore
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Bacteria "Hibernation"
endospores of bacteria can live for years without food and water! |
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Glycocalyx
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sticky carbohydrate covering. bacteria use it to skick to the surface of host cells. It also allows them to be "invisable" to host white blood cells
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Fimbrae
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Spikes that allow bacteria to stick to enviornment
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what are the two ways that bacteria can reproduce
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asexually- low energy, fast, produces identical offspring
Binary Fission- 1 cell divides into 2 |
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Plasmids
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an extra piece of DNA that contains genes for adaptions (like antibiotic resistance etc.) they can be passed from one individual to another
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Conjunction
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how bacteria become genetically diverse.
How it works: 1 bacterium passes genes from a plasmid to another bacterium |
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Transformation
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Bacteria can pick up and incorperate fragments fo DNA from environment (usually left overs from dead bacteria)
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Where do Bacteria get their energy from?
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Hydrogen Gas
Sulfur gas Hydrocarbons(found in plastics etc.) sunlight organinc compounds (ex: glucose) cyanide |
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Flagella
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little hair thingys used for movement etc. hangin off bacteria etc.
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What are the shapes of Bacteria?
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Cocci
Bacillius Spirillium |
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Cocci
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round/spherical shaped
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Bacillius
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Rod-shaped
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Spirillium
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corkscrew shaped
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Diplo
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2 cells (arrangement for bacillius/cocci)
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Staphylo
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when bacilliuis/ cocci are arranged like a grapes
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Strepto
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when bacillius/cocci are arranged in a chain
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Defining Characteristics of Animals
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Multicellular
Heterotrophic Eukaryotic NO cell walls |
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additional features found in animals (not defining characteristics)
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Movement at some developmental stage
xtra carbohydrates stored as glycogen sexual reproduction life cycle: development from zygote to gastrula to adult with intermediary forms along the way aerobic respiration (requires Oxygen) |
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Protozoa is the _______ to all animals
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common anscestor
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Trends in Animal Evolution
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Habitat
Body Plan Symmetry Germ Tissue Layers Body Cavity Cephilization |
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Habitat
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From water (primative) to land (most recently evovled)
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Body Plan
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From a sac like body plan (primative) to a tube within a tube body plan (most recently evolved)
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Symmetry
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from asymmetrical to Radial(like starfish) to bilateral(like humans)
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Germ tissue layers
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from 1 tissue layer(primative) to 2 tissue layers to 3 germ tissue layers (most recently evolved)
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Diploblastic
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have 2 germ tissue layers
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Triploblastic
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3 germ tissue layers
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parts of a germtissue layer in diploblastic
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ectoderm
endoderm |
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parts of a germtissue layer in triploblastic
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Blastophore
Mesoderm Endoderm |
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ectoderm of germ tissue layer makes...
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skin
hair nails nerves brain |
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mesoderm of germ tissue layer makes...
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cardiac system
skeletal system retnal system muscles blood |
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endoderm of germ tissue layer makes...
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lung
gut ("tube") thyroid pancreal |
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Body Cavity
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no body cavity(primative) to body cavity with muscle lined organs,COELEM. (most recently evolved
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Coelom
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allows for external organs to operate independantly of each other. (without it, an organism would have to move to digest food, pump heart etc.)
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Cephalization
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No head region(primative) to cephilization(most recent) (sensory organs found in head region)
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Budding
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asexual reproduciton
new "growth" or BUD developes on an adult, it eventually breaks off and forms a new individual |
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Sessile
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"non-moving"
attached to a substrate |
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Hermaphordite
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gonads (sturcture that produces egg/sperm) can produce both egg and sperm
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Diecious
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organism that produces only 1 type of gamete (egg/sperm) (male-female)
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internal fertilization
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egg and sperm= zygote happens inside an indivudual
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external fertilization
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egg and sperm=zygote happens outside an individual
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fragmentation/ transverse fission
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individual can "sever" body into 2 segments, each segment becomes an individual
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parthenogenesis
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unfertilized egg developes into a new individual ALWAYS female
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stylets
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piercing mouth part
may contain toxin that parylyzes prey |
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lophophore
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cilia lined filiment "sweeps" food into mouth
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complete digestive tract
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tube with 2 openings (mouth and anus)
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incomplete digestive tract
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tube that has 1 opening(mouth)
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Filter feeder
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food is absorbed directly by cells from enviornment NO mouth/anus
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Nemotocyst
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adhesive that tangles prey/ toxin that paralyzes prey
(cnidaria) |
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Colloblast
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sticky cells (on a tentacle) that helps an organism adhere to prey
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Radulla
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beak-like structure in mouth that helps scrape food
(squid/gastropod) |
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hydrostatic pressure
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the use of water to maintain structure
(cnedaria) |
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cuticle
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the outer layer of an organism; non-cellular membrane; usually made of chitin; provides protecion, support, prevents water-loss
(nematodes, analids) |
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cryptobiosis
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process during which animals go dormint; exrteme hybernation
-tun -statoblast -endospore |
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tun
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name of the form a tardigrada is in during cryptobiosis; pulled into a cylindral shape
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statoblast
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name of the form a bryzoa is in during cryptobiosis
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endospore
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cryptobiosis for bactira
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Is all bacteria harmful?
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no. less than 1% carry dieses
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what are some ways that bacteria keeps us healthy
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help digests food; occupies space that could be taken up by bad bacteria
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pathogens
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bacteria that cause dieseses
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Siphon muscles
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Controll the siphon in the squid
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Gills
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Two Long pieces of soft feathery tissue in the squid
used to breathe |
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What phylum are squid in?
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Mollusca
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Chromatphores
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concentrations of pigment that allows the squid to change color
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How do squid move
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When hunting they swim slowly forwards using their fins
When threatened they can rapidly jet backwards using their siphon |
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What is a squids life span like
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Reliatively short; they hatch from eggs and spend a number of months as zooplankton before be becoming adults then they spend a year or two as adults then mate lay eggs and die ; they often swarm in huge numbers to mate
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Arms (squid)
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Has eight
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Tentacles
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Has two. Also called grasping arms. End inflat pads that are used in grasping prey
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Suckers
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On the arms and tentecles. On these they have tooth rings which are made of keritin and are what leaves scars on their predators
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Mantle
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Loose coat of tissue made up of mostly muscle and it surronds the body of all mollusks
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siphon
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a large flattened tube on the underside of the squids head, to move quickly, the squid takes water into the mantle cavity, close the collor, and shoot high volumes out of it to move. the squid can move its muscles to adjust the direction it is moving.
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eyes of a squid
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highly developed: they have very good vision; includes th lens which is a small hard disc convex on both sides
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mouth of a squid
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inbetween tentacles; include beak
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beak
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hard, back and curved part of the buccal mass
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buccal mass
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hard ball of tissue, includes the beak, inside mouth;
muscle that allows the squid to bight hard, also includes radulla |
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the pen
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the squids only remaining shell.
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ink sac
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on/in the liver, contains ink which the squid squirts out as it is swimming away to confuse predators
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caecum in squid
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a coilled mass of intestined like tubes enclosed in a thin membrane; it breaks down ingested food and absorbs nutrients inot the blood streem
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how many hearts does a squid have? name them.
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3
systemic heart and two brachial hearts |
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systemic heart
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pumps blood to body of squid;
located at the base of the liver |
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brachial hearts
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at the base of each gill, necessary because blood returning form the body is under very low pressure, and in order to pass quickly through the gills, it needs a little 'boost'
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kidney in squid
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small, flat, brownish, triangular structure that is used to filter blood
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aorta in squid
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a blood vessle that extends from the heart up under the liver towards the head. it carries blood to the head region of the squid
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esophogas in squid
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a tube structure that extends from the stomach to the buccal mass; carries food to the stomach
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rectum in squid
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a white tube that extensds from the caecum through the rectum the waste is then discharged through the anus
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oral surface
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the surface on a sea star where the mouth is located
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aboral surface
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the surface on a sea star opposite to where the mouth is located
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central disk
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the circular area on the sea star where the madreporite is located and the arms extend from
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bivium
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the two arms closest to the madreporite
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trivium
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the three arms farthest away from the madreporite
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immovable spines
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short rought projections mainly on the aboral surface they are made of calcium compounds
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movable spines
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flexible spines located on the oral surface
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ambulacral groove
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the canal or groove that runs along the center of each arm. it is filled with tube feet
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tube feet
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the soft, slender, projection on the oral surface in the ambulacral groove
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anus in sea star
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a very small pore at the center of the aboral disk. it is very hard or impossible to see.
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digestive gland in sea star
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browninsh-yellow crumbly organ on either side of the ambulacral plates
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gonads in sea star
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reproductive organs at the juncture of the central disk and arm. they are pinkish in color. theire are two in each arm, and they may be tucked up in the central disk area
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gonads (in general)
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a techinical term for any reproductive structure. it produce gametes
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how do sea stars remproduce (asexually/sexually)
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mostly sexually, but some species can reproduce sexually
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external fertilization
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the meeting of egg and sperm outside an organisms body, sea stars exhibit this
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diecious
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an individual either produces egg or sperm. not both. sea stars exhibit this
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fission or fragmentation
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the way some sea stars can reproduce asexually. in this processs, a sea star arm and part of the central disc will seperate form the organism, the central disc will then regenerate four new arms and the oringinal starfish will grow back the missing arm. this produces a new organism genetically the same as the original organism
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pyloric stomach
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the portion of the sea star's stomach nearest the aboral surface
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cardiac stomach
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attached to the pyloric stomach at one end and the mouth at the other end. the sea star uses its retractor muschles that can "flip out" the pyloric stomach out its mouth to eat.
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digestive glands
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in each arm. wher digested food material is absorbed in sea star
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ring canal
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the structure of the body that contains water
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vascular system (sea star)
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a network of hydraulic tubes that controls the sea stars' tube feet and allow it to move
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radial canals
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extend from the ring canal into each arm, protected by ambulacral plates
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stone canal
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s-shaped structure that connects the ring canal to the madreporite
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madreporite
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the outlet for water in the vascular system
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explain how the sea star moves
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water enters through the madreporite then it travels down the stone canal, into the ring canal, and then down each radial canal. The water fills up each ampulla, when the sea star wants to extend a tube foot, muscles around the ampulla squeeze, causing the connected tube foot to extend. At the same time the tube foot is extending, a small amount of glue is released from the end of the tube foot allowing it to stick to a substrate. to retract the tube foot, the second secreation "unglues" the tube foot. Water refills in the ampulla causing the tube foot to retract. DOES NOT USE ATP
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ampullae
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soft sac-like structures that are each attached to a tube foot; they control the flow of water to the tube feet
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Cnidaria
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two forms; one of which is jelly fish
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Polyplacophora
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shells that contain radulla; they can roll up like rolly-pollys to protect themselves
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Rotifera
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all are female
they do not make new cells; they only get bigger |
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Ctenophora
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similar to jellyfish; carnivourus; have colloblasts
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Platyhelminthes
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Flat worms; incomplete digestive system (still tube within a tube) one type is a tapeworm
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Tardigrada
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"water bear" super-duper tough!!; tuns
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Bryozoa
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collonies of "zoids"
filter feeders |
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nematodes
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roundworms
nasty usually free-living decomposers: some however can be parisitic |
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chelicerata
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part of arachnida
(spiders!) |
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Myriapoda
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centipeds, milipeds, etc.
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Annelid
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worms
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gastropada
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slugs/snails
soft bodied some have shells |
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Hexapoda
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bugs
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Merostomata
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horseshoe crabs
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Crustaceans
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crabs, lobster, shrimp
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porifera
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sea sponges (sponge-bob!!)
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