Bio Final Exam

Front 1

Mars Twin Rover Expedition has discovered Martian rocks with __________ layers that can only be formed in the presence of ____________.

Back 1

sedimentary, water

Front 2

Europa is one of the four moons of ___________ discovered by __________ in 1610.

Back 2

Jupiter, Galileo

Front 3

Signs of microorganisms were revealed in a sub-glacial lake, known as ___________ in the ____________.

Back 3

Lake Vostok, Antarctica

Front 4

The Milky Way Galaxy was formed 13.6 __________ years ago and has 200 __________ stars.

Back 4

billion, billion

Front 5

The Universe was born 13.7 ___________ years ago and organized into 10 _________ galaxies which form clusters and superclusters.

Back 5

billion, billion

Front 6

The satellite known as _________ was launched in 2001 to survey the cosmic ___________ background radiation.

Back 6

W-MAP, microwave

Front 7

The results of the W-MAP survey have provided a map to determine the age of the _________ to be ______ billion years.

Back 7

universe, 13.7

Front 8

The universe expanded a trillion fold in a process known as __________ before forming the stable ____________ atoms.

Back 8

inflation, hydrogen

Front 9

Stars are composed mostly of ___________, and they obtain their energy to glow by the fusion of _________ atoms to form helium.

Back 9

hydrogen, hydrogen

Front 10

Our sun is composed of _______% hydrogen and ________% helium.

Back 10

70, 30

Front 11

Nuclean fusion of a star stops when it accumulates too much _________. It dies by initiating a ___________ explosion.

Back 11

iron, super nova

Front 12

All the elements found in the __________ are formed in the __________.

Back 12

Periodic Table, stars

Front 13

The endangered species status of red wolf was once doubtful, because the red wolf was not considered as a species; instead it was thought to be a hybrid between the _________ and the ____________.

Back 13

grey wolf, coyote

Front 14

The common biological definition proposed by Ernst Mayr states: Groups of actually or potentially _________ natural populations which are ________ isolated from other such groups.

Back 14

interbreeding, reproductively

Front 15

The __________ definition was used by Linnaeus in his classification system that is based off the concept of ____________ of species.

Back 15

typological species, fixative

Front 16

The four species definitions used in biological classification are: ___________, _____________, ___________, and ___________.

Back 16

typological species definition, morphological species definition, ecological species definition, biological species definition

Front 17

The challenges in defining species include:
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________

Back 17

modes of reproduction, phenotypic variations, different types of organisms, ecological niches, fossils of extinct organisms

Front 18

Two most important considerations of the pluralistic species definition are to achieve _______ and _________.

Back 18

cohesion, parsimony

Front 19

The three mechanisms of speciation are: _____________ speciation, _____________ speciation, _____________ speciation.

Back 19

allopatric, sympatric, parapatric

Front 20

Speciation is a multi-step process that takes place over many generations. The first step of mutation is when two populations become ____________ isolated from each other. This prevents interbreeding and blocks _____________.

Back 20

geographically, gene flow

Front 21

New traits occur through mutation; these traits will assume by the population through _____________ and _____________.

Back 21

natural selection, genetic drift

Front 22

There are only two species of orangutans in the world, and they live in the tropical rain forest of _____________ and _____________.

Back 22

Sumatra, Borneo

Front 23

The frequent type of speciation is known as _____________ speciation, which is caused by _____________, leading to the interruption of _____________.

Back 23

allopatric, geographical isolation, gene flow

Front 24

There are two existing chimpanzees living in the _____________ rain forests, one is the common chimpanzees. the other one is the _____________.

Back 24

Africa, bonobos

Front 25

A long lasting _____________ in Zaire 2 million years ago, forced the _____________ from the bonobo's foraging area.

Back 25

drought, gorillas

Front 26

Africa was entirely covered by forest _____________ years ago, until a global weather change caused by the formation of the _____________ mountain range.

Back 26

8 million, Himalayan

Front 27

Human footprints dated 3.5 million years in age were found in _____________. They were shown to belong to _____________.

Back 27

Laetoli, Homo afarensis

Front 28

The three mating barriers are: _____________, _____________, and _____________ barriers.

Back 28

habitat, behavioral, temporal

Front 29

The two fertilization barriers are: _____________ and _____________ barriers.

Back 29

mechanical, gametic

Front 30

The three hybrid survival barriers are: _____________, _____________, and _____________.

Back 30

reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown

Front 31

How long ago when this human behavioral first appeared?
Pair bonding _____________ million years ago,
Controlled of fire _____________ million years ago,
Stone tools _____________ million years ago,
Home base _____________ million years ago, Language _____________ years ago,
Bipedalism _____________ million years ago.

Back 31

1.7, 1.0, 2.0, 2.0, 200,000, 4.0

Front 32

Homo heidelbergensis split around 250,000 years ago into: _____________ and _____________.

Back 32

Homo neanderthalensis, Homo sapiens

Front 33

The first human species who left Africa was _____________ about _____________ years ago.

Back 33

Homo erectus, 1.8 million

Front 34

The first human stone tool was a _____________ made by _____________.

Back 34

hand axe, Homo habilis

Front 35

At about 145,000 years ago, Africa suffered from a sever _____________, and the ancestors of _____________ nearly became _____________.

Back 35

drought, modern humans, extinct

Front 36

Evidence from _____________ suggested that all modern humans are descendents from a small band of humans living in _____________ about _____________ years ago.

Back 36

molecular data, Africa, 110,000

Front 37

Neandertal spear points were made from _____________, and they were not designed for _____________.

Back 37

stone, throwing

Front 38

Human spear points were made from _____________, and they can be thrown from a great distance with another invention known as the _____________.

Back 38

antler, spear thrower

Front 39

Prehistoric arts in the form of beads and carving first appeared in association with _____________ about _____________ ago.

Back 39

modern humans, 40,000 years

Front 40

The human brains have 100 _____________ neurons with 100 _____________ connections.

Back 40

billion, trillion

Front 41

The Paleolithic hand axes were used for: _____________, _____________, _____________ and _____________.

Back 41

cutting, digging, knocking off flakes, butchering animals

Front 42

Human brain is vital in _____________, as it is used as a display of _____________.

Back 42

courtship, reproductive fitness