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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Monera
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-Unicellular
-Prokaryotic -Heterotrophic, autotrophic |
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Protista
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-Unicellular/Colonial/multicellular
-Eucaryotic -Heterotrophic/ autotrophic |
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Fungi
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-Multicellular,unicellular
-eucaryotic -heterotrophic |
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Plant
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-Multicellular
-Eucaryotic -Autotrophic |
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Animal
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-Multicellular
-Eucaryotic -Heterotrophic |
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Ex of Monera
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-Bacteria
-Blu-green Algae |
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Ex of Protista
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-Protozoa
-Algae -Seaweeds |
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Ex of Fungi
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-Mushrooms
-Yeast |
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Ex of Plants
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-Moses
-liverworts -ferns -gymnosperms -angiosperms |
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binomial nomenclature
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-Carolus Linnaeus
-Used Latin as a basis for nomenclature -identifying each organism by their Genus and species |
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Monera
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-composed of prokaryotic cells that contain no membrane-bound internal organelles and no true nucleus
-Prokaryotic organisms thrive in habitats that are often too hot, cold, acidic, alkaline for eukaryotic organisms. |
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major bacterial shapes
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-coccus (spherical)
-bacillus (rod-shaped), -spirochete (spiral-shaped) |
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Bacterial motility
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-flagella
-spiral filaments (spirochetes) -gliding |
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taxis
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movement oriented toward or away from a stimulus.
ex.phototaxis |
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plasmids
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circular sequences of DNA in bacteria
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Bacteria have....(genetic make up)
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one major chromosome
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Genetic recombination in bacteria
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-conjugation
-transformation -transduction |
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conjugation
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genes (plasmids) transferred directly from one bacteria to another
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transformation
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genes are taken up from the surrounding environment
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transduction
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genes are transferred between bacteria by means of viruses
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binary fission
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Bacteria reproduce
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photoautotrophs
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light as energy source
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photoheterotrophs
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light as energy source, but obtain carbon from complex organic molecules
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chemoautotrophs
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energy from oxidation of inorganic substances (H2S, NH3), carbon dioxide as a carbon source (sulfur bacteria)
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chemoheterotrophs
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organic molecules provide both energy and carbon source
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obligate aerobes
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use oxygen for cellular respiration
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facultative anaerobes
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will use oxygen but can also grow by fermentation in anaerobic environments
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obligate anaerobes
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cannot use oxygen (Clostridium) which causes gangrene, botulism, and tetanus
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Actinomycetes
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-Streptomyces
-Mycobacterium -hyphae resemble fungal filaments |
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Chemoautotrophs
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-Nitrobacter
-Nitrosomonas -common in soil |
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Cyanobacteria
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-Anabaena
-Nostoc -Oscillatoria |
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Endospore-forming bacteria
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-Bacillus
-Clostridium |
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Enteric Bacteria
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-facultative anaerobes inhabiting the intestine
-Escherichia -Salmonella -Vibrio |
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Mycoplasmas
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-Mycoplasma
-lack cell walls, smallest of all cells; saprobes and animal pathogens; "walking pneumonia" |
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Nitrogen-fixing bacteri
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-Azotobacter,
-Rhizobium which is mutualistic with legumes |
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Pseodomonads
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-Pseudomonas
-unusual nutrients |
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Rickettsias and Chlamydias
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-obligate
-intracellular parasites -Rickettsias cause Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Typhus; which Chlamydias cause NGU (nongonococcal urethritis) |
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Spirochetes
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-helical cells
-Treponema pallidum causes syphilis |
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Kingdom Protista
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-more than 60,000 known protists
-This kingdom contains the most diverse assemblage of organisms of any of the five major kingdoms. |
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Kingdom Protista contains three major sub-divisions
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-ingestive
-photosynthetic -absorptive |
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ingestive
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animal-like protists - protozoa
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photosynthetic
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plant-like protists - algae
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absorptive
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funguslike protists - slime and water molds
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Protozoa
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-literally "first animals" misnomer
-subdivided based on considerations of locomotion or feeding strategy |
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Phylum Rhizopoda
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-amoebas and relatives
-unicellular -freshwater and marine species -amoeboid movement" by pseudopodia -free-living and parasitic forms -reproduce by asexual means |
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Ex. of Phylum Rhizopoda
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-Amoeba proteus
-Entamoeba histolytica,which causes amoebic dysentery in humans |
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Phylum Apicomplexa (Sporozoans
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-parasitic protozoa which enter host by means of structure near apex of organism
-disseminate as infectious cells called sporozoites -multi-staged life cycles with sexual and asexual stages often involving several hosts |
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Ex. of Apicomplex
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Plasmodium(causes malaria)
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Phylum Zoomastigophora
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-use flagella for locomotion
-free-living, parasitic, and symbiotic forms |
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Ex. of Zoomastigophora
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-Trypanosoma-(causes african sleeping sickness)
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Phylum Ciliophora
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-locomotion by cilia
-most are freshwater -unicellular forms |
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ex. of Ciliphora
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-Paramecium
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Algae
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-primarily photosynthetic
-unicellular or multicellular -plant-like protists -all algae possess Chlorophyll a |
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accessory pigments including
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-carotenoids (yellow-orange
-xanthophylls (yellow-brown) -phycobilins (red and blue) -chlorophylls b, c, and d |
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Phylum Dinoflagellata - (dinoflagellates)
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-1100 species
-chlorophyll a, c, carotenoids, xanthophylls -starch -unicellular with two flagella located within perpendicular grooves -cell wall of cellulose -freshwater and marine |
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Ex of Dinoflagellata
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-Gonyaulax which causes "red tides
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Phylum Chrysophyta - (golden algae
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-850 species
-chlorophyll a,c, carotenoids, and xanthophylls -cell wall of pectin and silicon -typically biflagellated -freshwater plankton -Laminarin starch |
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Phylum Bacillariophyta - (diatoms)
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-10,000 species
-chlorophyll a, c, carotenoids, xanthophylls; -Leucosin starch |
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Phylum Euglenophyta - (Euglena
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-800 species
-chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, xanthophylls -Paramylon starch; -one to three apical flagella -freshwater -can function as a heterotroph or autotroph -Important structures include eyespot (stigma), chloroplasts, and gullet |
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Phylum Chlorophyta (green algae)
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-7,000 species
-chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids -plant starch -two or more apical flagella; -cell wall of cellulose -mostly freshwater ex.ulva sea weed |
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Phylum Phaeophyta - (brown algae)
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-Examples include kelps;
- brown algae are useful commercial as thickeners, cosmetic bases, and as fertilizer and animal feed; high in iodine |
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Phylum Rhodophyta - (red algae)
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-mostly marine
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Myxomycota
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-plasmodial slime molds
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Acrasiomycota
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cellular slime molds
-feeding stage is unicellular and haploid |
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Oomycota
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-water molds
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Kingdom Fungi
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more than 100,000 known species
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Fungi
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-Fungi perform important roles along with bacteria as decomposers within various ecosystems; they also cause a variety of plant and animal diseases
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Commercial value of fungi
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role in the production of various cheeses; the role of yeast fermentation in wine-making, brewing, and baking; and the production of antibiotics (penicillin). Many mushrooms and truffles are edible.
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hypha
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-a single filament making up the body of a fungus
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mycelium
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the mass of filaments (hyphae) of which a fungus is composed
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septa(fungi)
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-divide fungal hyphae into "cells"; septa contain pores that allow intercellular communication including transfer of cytoplasm, ribosomes, mitochondria, and nuclei
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cell walls in fungi
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composed of chitin
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coenocyte(fungi)
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cells fuse in certain fungi forming a continuous stream of cytoplasm and filaments containing many nuclei
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Division Zygomycota(fungus)
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-600 species
-group composed of coenocytic hyphae -Examples include the mycorrhizal fungi which form associations with the root systems of various plants and help the plant with the uptake of water and nutrients |
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Division Ascomycota (fungus)
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-60,000 species
-called "sac fungi" because of spore-producing saclike asci |
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yeasts (Ascomycota)
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-unicellular fungi capable of fermentation
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lichens (Ascomycota)
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-mutualistic (more-or-less) associations of an algae (Cyanobacteria) and a fungus (usually an Ascomycete); Examples include "Reindeer moss"
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ergot of rye
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-Claviceps purpurea
-produces lysergic acid |
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chestnut blight
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has virtually eliminated American chestnuts
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Dutch elm disease
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transmitted by bark beetles
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Division Basidiomycota
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-25,000 species
-called "club fungi" due to the club-shaped basidium -spore producing -ex. mushrooms and toadstools |
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Division Deuteromycota
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-the "imperfect fungi" due to the absence of a sexual stage
-includes Penicillium important in antibiotic and cheese production; and Tolypocladium the source of cyclosporine |
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Phylum Porifera
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Examples - the sponges, 5000 species, mostly marine but freshwater forms represented
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Unique Features of Phylum Porifera
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-asymmetrical
-only two germ layers present -no organs or organ systems -simplest animals |
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choanocyte
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- "collar cells", function in feeding and reproduction
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amoebocyte
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- amoebalike cells that function in digestion, spicule-formation, and reproduction
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spicules
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skeletal elements of a sponge; may be composed of calcium carbonate, silicates, or spongin
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Digestion and Nutrition of Porifera
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-filter-feeding organisms
-collar cells and amoebocytes cooperate with digestive process |
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Locomotion of Porifera
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sessile except during larval stages
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Defense of Sponge
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spicules
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Reproduction of Porifera
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sexual or asexual by budding or fragmentation
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Phylum Cnidaria
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Examples - jellyfish, Hydra, Portuguese Man-of-War, sea anemones, corals
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Unique Features of Cnidaria
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-radial symmetry
-possess tissues and some organs -the stalk-like polyp and the free-sposses tentacles with cnidocytes or stinging cellswimming medusa - |
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Digestion and Nutrition of Cnidaria
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-use tentacles and cnidocytes to ingest food into the gastrovascular cavity; no true digestive system
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Locomotion of Cnidaria
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swimming during medusa stage
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Defense of Cnidaria
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cnidocytes and tentacles, exoskeleton around corals
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Reproduction of Cnidaria
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sexual and asexual
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
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Examples - the free-living flatworms (planarians), flukes (Schistosoma), and tapeworms (Taenia)
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Unique Features of Platyhelminthes
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flattened, bilateral body plan; acoelomates; free-living and parasitic forms represented; parasitic tapeworms have a scolex or head and body segments called proglottids
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Digestion and Nutrition of Platyhelminthes
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gastrovascular cavity, free-living and parasitic forms represented
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Locomotion of Platyhelminthes
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have circular and longitudinal muscles
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Defense of Platyhelminthes
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parasitic forms often have cuticles
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Reproduction of Platyhelminthes
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sexual predominates or asexual by regeneration; most are hermaphroditic, parasitic forms often have complex life cycles
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Phylum Nematoda
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Examples - roundworms, approximately 90,000 species known, free-living and parasitic forms represented; soil nematodes, Ascaris (human roundworm), pinworms, hookworms, heartworms, Trichinella
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Unique Features nematoda
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rounded body, bilateral symmetry, pseudocoelomates
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Digestion and Nutrition of nematoda
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free-living and parasitic lifestyles illustrated, complete digestive tract with mouth and anus
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Locomotion of Nematoda
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longitudinal muscles only, move with whip-like motions
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Defense of Nematoda
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parasitic forms often have a protective cuticle
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Reproduction of Nematoda
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sexual dominates, most forms have separate sexes; complex life cycles associated with parasitic forms with intermediate hosts
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Phylum Mollusca
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-Examples - more than 100,000 species currently known; includes Gastropods (snails, slugs), Bivalves (clams, mussels, oysters, scallops), and Cephalopods (squid, Nautilus, octopus
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Unique Features of Mollusca
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body plan consists of a muscular foot, mantle, and visceral mass; respiration by either lungs or gills; relatively complex nervous systems especially in squid and octopus; sensory organs present including eyes
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Digestion and Nutrition of Mollusca
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filter-feeding in clams and oysters, radula used as scraping devise in snails
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Locomotion of Mollusca
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snails glide on muscular foot while squid uses "water jet-propulsion", scallop uses snapping action of shell
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Defense of mollusca
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exoskeletons of calcium in certain mollusks
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Reproduction of Mollusca
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almost exclusively sexual; separate sexes and hermaphroditic forms represented
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Phylum Annelida
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the segmented worms, 15,000 species known; includes the earthworms, polychaete sandworms, and leeches
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Unique Features of Annelida
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-extensive internal and external segmentation, closed circulatory system in most, ventral nerve cord present with ganglia in each segment
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Digestion and Nutrition of Annelida
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free-living and parasitic forms represented, earthworms remove organic material from the soil while leeches suck blood from their host
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Locomotion of Annelida
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longitudinal and circular muscles represented
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Reproduction of Annelida
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sexual reproduction almost exclusively, hermaphroditic and separate sexes exist
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Phylum Arthropoda
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Examples - largest single phylum in terms of numbers of species (nearly 1 million), includes Insects(bees, ants, beetles, flies), Arachnids (spider, mites, ticks), Millipedes, Centipedes, and Crustaceans
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Unique Features Arthropoda
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possess jointed appendages and chitinous exoskeleton; high degree of segmentation; cephalization; specialized appendages, metamorphosis, molting
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Digestion and Nutrition Arthropoda
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highly diversified; includes predation (spiders), filter-feeding (barnacles), scavenging (crabs), parasitism (ticks); complete digestive systems with complex accessory organs
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Locomotion Arthropoda
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highly diversified due to jointed appendages and chitinous exoskeleton; wings present in many
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. Defense of Arthropoda
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highly diversified; includes exoskeleton in all and
claws, jaws, or fangs in many |
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Reproduction of Arthropoda
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almost exclusively sexual, separate sexes
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Phylum Echinodermata
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Examples - includes sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea lilies
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Unique Features of Echinodermata
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"spiny-skinned" animals, radial symmetry, spines are used for protection in most and locomotion in some; unique water-vascular system
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Digestion and Nutrition of Echinodermata
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predation (sea star), filter-feeding *sea-lily
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Locomotionof Echinodermata
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use water vascular system with canals and tube feet
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. Defense of Echinodermata
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spines, toxins in some
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Reproduction of Echinodermata
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sexual and asexual by regeneration and fragmentation
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Phylum Chordata
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Examples - Agnathans (lamprey and hagfish), Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, skates), Osteichthyes (bony fish), Amphibians, Reptiles, Aves (birds), and Mammals
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Unique Features chordata
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1) dorsal, hollow nerve cord, (2) notochord, (3) gill slits, and (4) post-anal tail; advanced organ systems; tunicates ("sea squirts") or lancelets may represent ancestral form; complex nervous systems and behavior patterns
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protostomates
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-In animals, a developmental mode distinguished by the development of the mouth from the blastopore; often also characterized by schizocoelous development of the body cavity and by spiral cleavage.
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duedostomates
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The anus is created first
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acoelomates
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a solid bodied animal lacking a cavity between the gut and outer body wall
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psuedocoelomates
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an animal whose body cavity is not completely lined by mesoderm
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eucoelomates
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animal that possessess a true coelom(fluid-filled body cavity lined by tissue completely derived from mesoderm)
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