Bio Final Exam

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active transport

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molecular movement that depends on the input of energy, which is necessary when the molecules to be moved are large or are being moved against their concentration gradient.

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adenine

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codes with thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA

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acid

Back 3

any fluid with a pH below 7.0. indicating the presence of more h+ ions than OH- ions

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ATP

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adenosine triphosphate- a molecule that temporarily compsed of a sugar molecule and a chain of three negatively charged phosphate groups

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alleles

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alternative versions of a gene

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ammonia

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is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. contributed to nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms

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anaerobic

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living in the absence of air or free oxygen.

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analogous traits

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describes traits (such as bat wings and insect wings) that are similar because they were produced by convergent evolution, not because they descended from a common structure in a shared ancestor.

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angiosperm

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vascular, seed-producing flowering and fruit bearing plants, in which the seeds are enclosed in a ovule within the ovary

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aphids

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also known as plant lice and in Britain and the Commonwealth as greenflies, blackflies or whiteflies,[Note 1] are small sap sucking insects, and members of the superfamily Aphidoidea.

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active transport

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molecular movement that depends on the input of energy, which is necessary when the molecules to be moved are large or are being moved against their concentration gradient.

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adenine

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codes with thymine

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acid

Back 13

any fluid with a pH below 7.0. indicating the presence of more h+ ions than OH- ions

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ATP

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adenosine triphosphate- a molecule that temporarily compsed of a sugar molecule and a chain of three negatively charged phosphate groups

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alleles

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alternative versions of a gene

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ammonia

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is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3.

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anaerobic

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living in the absence of air or free oxygen.

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analogous traits

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describes traits (such as bat wings and insect wings) that are similar because they were produced by convergent evolution, not because they descended from a common structure in a shared ancestor.

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angiosperm

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vascular, seer-producing flowering and fruit bearing plants, in which the seeds are enclosed in a ovule within the ovary

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aphids

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also known as plant lice and in Britain and the Commonwealth as greenflies, blackflies or whiteflies,[Note 1] are small sap sucking insects, and members of the superfamily Aphidoidea.

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atom

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a particle of matter that cannot be further subdivided without losing its essential properties

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atomic nuclei

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a very dense region consisting of nucleons (protons and neutrons) at the center of an atom.

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atomic number

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the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of a given element

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atomic weight

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the mass of an atom; the combined of the protons and neutrons n an atom

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base

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any fluid with a pH above 7.0, that is, with more OH- ions than H+ ions

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bacteria

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are a large group of single-celled, prokaryote microorganisms. does not have nucleus. classified by shape. reproduces quickly by binary fission.

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beetles

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are insects of the order Coleoptera,

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behavior

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any and all of the actions performed by an organism, often in response to its environment or to the actions of another organism

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biological species concept

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pop. of organisms that interbreed, or could possibly interbreed, with each other under certain conditions, and that cannot interbreed with organisms outside their group

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biomes

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the major ecological communities of earth; terrestrial biomes, such as rainforest or desert, are defined and usually described by the predominant types of plant life in the area, which are mostly determined by temp and average rainfall

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biotic

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relating to living organisms; the biotic environment, or community, consists of all the living organisms in a given area

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calvin cycle

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in photosynthesis, a series of chemical reactions in the stroma of chloroplasts, in which the sugar molecules are assembled.

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carbohydrates

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one of four types of biological macromolecules, containing mostly carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; carbs are the primary fuel for cellular activity and form much the cell structure in all life forms

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carbon dioxide

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(chemical formula CO2) is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state. CO2 is a trace gas comprising 0.039% of the atmosphere.

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cell

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the smallest unit of life that can function independently; a three-dimensional structure, surrounded by a membrane and, in the case of prokaryotes and most plants, a cell wall, in which many of the essential chemical reactions of the life of an organism take place.

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cell wall

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a rigid structure, outside the cell membrane, that protects and gives shape to cell. maid of cellulose

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central dogma

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a theory in genetics and molecular biology subject to several exceptions that genetic information is coded in self-replicating DNA and undergoes unidirectional transfer to messenger RNAs in transcription which act as templates for protein synthesis in translation

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centriole

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Centriole is a structure found in eukaryotic animal cells. Plant cells and fungi do no contain centrioles. Centriole is the part of the cell, which acts as the center for producing microtubules, which are the component of cytoskeleton.

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centromeres

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after replication, the region of contact between sister chromatids, which occurs near the center of the two strands.

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cephalopods

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molluscs in which the head is prominent and the foot has been modified in tentacles; examples are octopuses and squids

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cholesterol

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one of the sterols, lipids important in regulating growth and development. cholesterold is an important component of most cell membranes, helping the membrane to maintain its flexibility.

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chromosomes

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a linear or circular strand of DNA on which are found specific sequences of base pairs; the human genome consists of two copies of each of 23 unique chromosomes, one from the mother and one from the father.

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class

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developed by carolus linnaeus. a classification of organisms consisting of related orders

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community

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An ecological unit composed of a group of organisms or a population of different species occupying a particular area, usually interacting with each other and their environment.

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concentration gradient

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he gradual difference in the concentration of solutes in a solution between two regions. In biology, a gradient results from an unequal distribution of ions across the cell membrane. When this happens, solutes move along a concentration gradient. This kind of movement is called diffusion.

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conifers

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a plant producing naked seeds in cones, or single naked seeds as in yews, but with pollen always borne in cones.

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convergent evolution

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Convergent evolution represents a phenomenon when two distinct species with differing ancestries evolve to display similar physical features

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covalent bond

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a strong bond formed when two atoms share electrons; the simplest example is the H2 molecule, in which each of the atoms in the molecule shares its lone electron with the other atom

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crossing over

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The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis and contributes to genetic variability. leading to a chromosome carrying genetic info from each parent

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cuttlefish

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re marine animals of the order Sepiida,Cuttlefish also have one of the largest brain-to-body size ratios of all invertebrates.

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cycads

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are seed plants characterized by a large crown of compound leaves and a stout trunk

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cytokinesis

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the stage following mitosis in which cytoplasm and oranelles duplicate and are divided into approximately equal parts and the cell separates into two daughter cells; in meiosis, two diploid daughter cells are formed in cytokinesis following telophase I and four haploid daughter cells are formed following telophase II

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cytosine

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s one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA. pairs with guanine

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daughter cells

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cells produced by the division of a parent cell

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Diffusion

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passive transport in which a particle moves from an area of higher solute concentration to lower

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diploid

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cells that have two copies of each chromosome

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directional selection

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selection that, for a given trait, increases fitness at one extreme of the phenotype and reduces fitness at the other, leading to an increase or decrease in the mean value of the trait

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disruptive selection

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increases fitness at both extremes of the phenotype distribution and reduces fitness at middle values.

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disulfide bridge

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a strong covalent bond, —S—S—, important in linking polypeptide chains in proteins, the linkage arising as a result of the oxidation of the sulfhydryl (SH) groups of two molecules of cysteine.

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DNA

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Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA, is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms

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dominant

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an allele that makes the phenotypic effect of the other, recessive, allele for a train; the phenotype shows the effect of the dominant allele anytime its present

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ecology

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the study of the interaction between organisms and their environments, at the level of individuals, pops, communities, and ecosystems

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ecosystem

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a community of biological organisms and the non-living environmental components with which they interact

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energy

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the capacity to do work, which the moving of matter against an opposing force

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enthalpy

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is a measure of the total energy of a thermodynamic system. It includes the internal energy, which is the energy required to create a system, and the amount of energy required to make room for it by displacing its environment and establishing its volume and pressure.

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eukaryotic cells

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a cell with a membrane-bound nucleus containing DNA, membrane-bound organelles, and internal structures organized into compartments

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evolution

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a change in allele frequencies of a pop

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family

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classification of organisms consisting of related genera

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fermentation

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the process by which glycosis occurs in the absence of oxygen; ermentation is the conversion of a carbohydrate such as sugar into an acid or an alcohol. More specifically, fermentation can refer to the use of yeast to change sugar into alcohol or the use of bacteria to create lactic acid in certain foods.

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ferns

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Unlike mosses, they have xylem and phloem (making them vascular plants). They have stems, leaves, and roots like other vascular plants. Ferns do not have either seeds or flowers (they reproduce via spores).

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fertilization

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the fusions of two reproductive cells

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flagella

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long, thin, whip-like projections from the cell body of a prokaryote that aid in cell movement

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flatworms

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worms with flat bodies that are members of the phylum playhelmnthes; characterized by well-defined head and eyespots. ex tapeworms and flukes

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gametes

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haploid cells from two individuals that, as sperm and egg, will combine at fertilization to produce offspring; also called reproductive cells

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genotphyte

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The generation in the life cycle of a plant that bears the gamete-producing sex organs. The gametophyte is haploid.

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gene

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basic unit of heredity; sequence of DNA nucleotides on a chromosome that carries the info necessary for making a functional product, usually a protein or an RNA molecule.

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gene flow

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a change in the allele frequencies of a pop due to movement of some individuals of a species from one pop to another, changing the frequencies they join.

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genetic drift

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a random change in allele frequency over successive generations; a cause of evolution

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genus

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classification of organisms consisting of closely related species

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ginkgos

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is a genus of highly unusual non-flowering plants with one extant species, G. biloba, which is regarded as a living fossil. fan shaped leaf

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glycolysis

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the 1st step in cellular respiration, in which one molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvate; for some organisms this is the only means of extracting energy from food

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gnetophytes

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gymnosperms, shrub like, ephedra

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golgi apparatus

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The Golgi apparatus is considered more or less the "postal office" of the cell. It handles all incoming lipids, proteins, etc., and controls their export as well.

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gregor mendel

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was an Austrian Augustinian monk and scientist, who gained fame as the figurehead of the new science of genetics for his study of the inheritance of certain traits in pea plants.

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guanine

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in DNA pairs with cytosine

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gymnosperm

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vascular plants that do not produce their seed in a protective structure, but are usually found on the surface of the scaled of cone-like stuctures; include conifers, cycads, gnetophyets, and ginkgos.

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haploid

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describes cells that have a single copy of each chromosome

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harold urey

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primitive earth experiment. organic molecules

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heterozygous

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describes the genotype of a trait for which the two alleles an individual carries differ from each other. Rr

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hierarchical order

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domain, kingdom, phylus, class, order, family, genus, species
"dumb king phillip came over from germany stoned"

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homologous

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describes features that are inherited from a common ancestor.for example, the wings of bats and the arms of primates are homologous in this sense.

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homozygous

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PP

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hybridization

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the interbreeding of closely related species

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hydrogen bonds

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weak bond, chemical bond formed between the slightly positively charge hydrogen atoms of one molecule and the slightly negative charge atoms of another. important in building multi-atom molecules, such as complex proteins, and are responsible for many of the unique and important features of water.

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hydrophilic

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attracted to water, for example, polar molecules that readily form hydrogen bonds with water

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hydrophobic

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repelled by water, non-polar molecules that tend to minimize contact with water

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hypertonic

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Having a greater degree of tone or tension. Having a higher osmotic pressure in a fluid relative to another fluid.

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inbreeding

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is the reproduction from the mating of two genetically related parents, which can increase the chances of offspring being affected by recessive or deleterious traits. This generally leads to a decreased fitness of a population

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incomplete dominance

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a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other allele. This results in a combined phenotype.ex pink flower

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ion

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an atom that carries an electrical charge, positive or neg, because it has either gained or lost an electron from its normal, stable configuration

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ionic bonds

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a bond created by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another; the resulting atoms, now ions, are charged oppositely and so attract each other to form a compound

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isotonic

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solutions with equal concentrations

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kingdom

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protist, plant, fungi, and animal

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lipid bilayers

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The cell membrane of almost all living organisms and many viruses are made of a lipid bilayer, as are the membranes surrounding the cell nucleus and other sub-cellular structures. The lipid bilayer is the barrier that keeps ions, proteins and other molecules where they are needed and prevents them from diffusing into areas where they should not be.

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lysosome

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a round, membrane-enclosed, and acid filled vesicle in the cell that digests and recycles cellular waste

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malaria

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caused by a eukaryotic protist of the genus Plasmodium,

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mayflies

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are insects which belong to the Order Ephemeroptera, aquatic insects,

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meiosis

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produces 4 haploid cells

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methane

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CH4, It is the simplest alkane, and the principal component of natural gas. Methane's bond angles are 109.5 degrees. Burning methane in the presence of oxygen produces carbon dioxide and water.

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migration

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a change in allele frequency of a pop due to the movement of some individuals from one pop to another

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mitosis

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forms two diploid cells

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molluscan

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is a large phylum of invertebrate animals,

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monohybrid cross

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a method of finding out the inheritance pattern of a trait between two single organisms.

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monophyly

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a group containing a common ancestor and all of its descendants

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mutation

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an alteration relationship in the base-pair sequence of an individuals DNA; may arise spontaneously or following exposure to a mutagen.

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natural selection

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a mechanism of evolutio tat occurs when there is heritable variation for a trait and individuals with one version of the trait have greater reproductive success than do individuals with a different version of that trait

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nautiluses

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is the common name of marine creatures of cephalopod family

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neutrons

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neutral charge, in nucleus.

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octopi

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is a cephalopod mollusc in the order Octopoda. Octopuses have two eyes and four pairs of arms, and like other cephalopods they are bilaterally symmetric.

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ontogeny

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describes the origin and the development of an organism from the fertilized egg to its mature form. Ontogeny is that branch of life science which deals with the study of origin and development of an organism from fertilized ovum to its mature form

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order

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classification of organisms consisting of related families

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organ

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is a collection of tissues joined in structural unit to serve a common function

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organelle

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specialized structures in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells with specific functions, such as the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and mitocondria

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organism

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is any contiguous living system (such as animal, plant, fungus, or micro-organism).

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outbreeding

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is the practice of introducing unrelated genetic material into a breeding line. It increases genetic diversity, thus reducing the probability of all individuals being subject to disease or reducing genetic abnormalities(only within the first generation)

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oxygen

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8

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passive transport

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molecular movement that occurs spontaneously, without the iput of energy; two types- diffusions and osmosis

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pathogenic bacteria

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capable of causing disease

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peptidoglycan

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a glycoprotein that forms a thick layer on the outside of the cell wall of a bacterium; A polymer that serves a structural role in the bacterial cell wall, giving structural strength, as well as counteracting the osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm. It is also involved in binary fission during bacterial cell reproduction.

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peroxisome

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filtration center for toxins. found in liver

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phosphate groups

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in-organic,

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phospholipids

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major component of plasma membrane, structurally similar to fats, but contain a phosphorus atom and have two, not three, fatty acid chains. Phospholipids are made of a glycerol molecule connected to two fatty acids, as well as to a phosphate.

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photosynthesis

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capture energy from the sun and store it in the chemical bonds of sugars and other molecules that plants produce

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phylogenetic history

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a grouping of organisms in a hierarchical system that reflects the evolutionary history and relatedness of the organisms

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phylogeny

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the evolutionary history of organisms

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phylum

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classification of organisms consisting of relating classes

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platyhelminthes

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flat worms

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pollen grains

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a structure that contains the male gametophyte of a seed plant

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pollination

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transfer of pollen from the anther to the ovule of a flower

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polyploidy

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the doubling of the number of sets of chromosomes in an individual

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population

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group of organisms of the same species living in a particular geographic area.

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prey

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the organism that is attacked

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prophase

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the 1st phase of mitosis, nuclear membrane breaks down, chromatids condense, spindle forms ; in meiosis, homologous pairs of sister chromatids come together and cross over in prophase I and the chromosomes in daughter cells condense in prophase II

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proteins

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one of four types of biological macromolecule; constructed of unique combinations of 20 amino acids that result in unique structures and chemical behavior, proteins are chief building blocks of tissues in most organisms.

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pseudoscience

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hypothesis and theories not supported by trustworthy and methodical scientific studies

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recessive genes

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describes an allele whose phenotypic effect is masked by a dominant allele for a trait

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reproductive isolation

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the inability of individuals from two populations to produce fertile offspring together

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ring species

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populations that can interbreed with neighboring populations but not with populations separated by large distances.

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sex-linked trait

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trait controlled by a gene on a sex chromosome

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polyploidy

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the doubling of the number of sets of chromosomes in an individual. during cell division in plants chromosomes double but cell does not.

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population

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group of organisms of the same species living in a particular geographic area.

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prey

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the organism that is attacked

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prophase

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the 1st phase of mitosis, nuclear membrane breaks down, chromatids condense, spindle forms ; in meiosis, homologous pairs of sister chromatids come together and cross over in prophase I and the chromosomes in daughter cells condense in prophase II

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proteins

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one of four types of biological macromolecule; constructed of unique combinations of 20 amino acids that result in unique structures and chemical behavior, proteins are chief building blocks of tissues in most organisms.

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pseudoscience

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hypothesis and theories not supported by trustworthy and methodical scientific studies

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recessive genes

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describes an allele whose phenotypic effect is masked by a dominant allele for a trait

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reproductive isolation

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the inability of individuals from two populations to produce fertile offspring together

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ring species

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populations that can interbreed with neighboring populations but not with populations separated by large distances.

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sex-linked trait

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trait controlled by a gene on a sex chromosome

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smooth ER

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no ribosomes; synthesizes lipids such as fatty acids, phospholipids, and steroids.

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somatic cells

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(usually diploid) cells of the body of a organism

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species

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natural populations of organisms that can interbreed and are reproductively isolated from other such groups; narrowest classification for an organism

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sympatric speciation

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specitaion that results not from geographical isolation but as a result of polyploidy or hybridization. rare in animals common in plants.

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telomeres

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a non-coding, highly repetitive section of DNA at the tip of every eukaryotic chromosome that shortens with every cell division; if it becomes to short, additional cell division can cause loss of functional, essential DNA and therefore almost certain cell death

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the bottleneck theory

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s an evolutionary event in which a significant percentage of a population or species is killed or otherwise prevented from reproducing.

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the founder effect

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is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population.

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the genetic load

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s a measure of the cost of lost alleles due to selection (selectional load) or mutation (mutational load)

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the human genome

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is the genome of Homo sapiens, which is stored on 23 chromosome pairs. 22 of these are autosomal chromosome pairs, while the remaining pair is sex-determining.

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thymine

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DNA, binds with adenine

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transcription

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the process by which a gene's base sequence is copied to mRNA from mDNA

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translation

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the process by which mRNA, which encodes a gene's base sequence, directs the production of a protein

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treatment group

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any condition applied to the subjects of a research study that is not applied to subjects in a control group.

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vascular plants

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Vascular plants have vascular tissues, which circulate resources through the plant. This feature allows vascular plants to evolve to a larger size than non-vascular plants, which lack these specialized conducting tissues and are therefore restricted to relatively small sizes.
In vascular plants, the principal generation phase is the sporophyte, which is usually diploid with two sets of chromosomes per cell. Only the germ cells and gametophytes are haploid. By contrast, the principal generation phase in non-vascular plants is usually the gametophyte, which is haploid with one set of chromosomes per cell. In these plants, generally only the spore stalk and capsule are diploid.