Bio-Final

Front 1

chromatid

Back 1

one strand of replicated chromosome

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kinetochore

Back 2

region of chromatid where spindle fibers, microtubules, attach

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mucleolus

Back 3

region of RNA found in the nucleus

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nuclear membrane

Back 4

borders the nucleus

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sister chromatids

Back 5

the two strands of a replicated chromosome

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centromere

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the structure that joins sister chromatids

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chromatin

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the material that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes

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centrosome

Back 8

the microtubule organizing center in animals

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centriole

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a paired structure inside animal centrosomes

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microtubule organizing center

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any structure that organizes microtubules

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cytokinesis

Back 11

division of the cytoplasm

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cell cycle control system

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a set of molecules found in the cytoplasm affected by internal and external controls

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diploid

Back 13

having two of each chromosome type

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haploid

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having a single representative of each chromosome type

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homolgous chromosomes

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chromosomes from different parents that are of the same type

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gametes

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sex cells that are half genetic

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meiosis

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nuclear division with a reduction in chromosome number by half

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meiosis I

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separation of homologous pairs

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meiosis II

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separation of sister chromatids

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random fertilization

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8 million possible combinations of sperm and egg= 70,368,744,000,000

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independent assortment

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8 million possible combinations of chromosomes based on random assortment of the different types in the human genome

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crossing over

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during tetrad formation (prophase I) chromosomes may cross

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tetrad

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a structure formed when four chromatids are aligned together

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gene (character)

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a feature that is heritable

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locus

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specific area on chromosome where the gene is found

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allele (trait)

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a variation of a character

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genotype

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the genetic makeup of an organism (combination of genes in its nucleus)

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phenotype

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the physical appearance of an organism

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law of segregation

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each parent has two copies of a gene but only one is passed to the offspring via the gametes

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homozygous dominant

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both alleles of a gene are the "dominant" variety

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homozygous recessive

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both alleles of a gene are of the "recessive" variety

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heterozygous

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the diploid cell has one dominant and one recessive allele for each gene

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law of independent assortment

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genes residing on different chromosomes separate without regard for one another

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law of dominance

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some alleles for a gene are fully expressed if present (dominant) in the phenotype while others have no affect (recessive)

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incomplete dominance

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the phenotype of a heterozygous genotype is intermediate in appearance

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codominance

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each allele in the genotype for a particular gene will be expressed in the phenotype

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pleiotropy

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the ability of a gene to affect an organism in many ways

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epistasis

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gene at one locus influences the expression of a gene at another locus (different gene)

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polygenic inheritance

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additive effect of two or more genes on a phenotypic character

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sickle cell disease

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production of abnormal hemoglobin

Front 41

which subatomic particles are in an orbit around the center of an atom:

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electrons

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Atoms of greatly differing electronegativity will likely form this type of atomic bond:

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an ionic bond

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The new attributes resulting from an increase in organizational structure is called:

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emergent properties

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These kinds of bonds determine the secondary structure (2^0) of proteins:

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hydrogen bonds

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Polysaccharides are broken into smaller monomer units through these kinds of reactions:

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hydrolysis reactions

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This kind of lipid contains both polar and nonpolar regions and is a major component of the plasma membrane

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phospholipid

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This term best describes a weak attraction between polar molecules:

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a hydrogen bond

Front 48

These are "educated statements" to be evaluated by experimentation:

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hypothesis

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Two or more molecules with the same chemical formula but differing structures are called:

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isomers

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Which solution has the least concentration of H+:

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pH 14

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An atom has 14 protons, 11 neutrons, and 14 electrons. The estimated atomic mass will be approximately:

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25 daltons

Front 52

Cholesterol, estrogen and, testosterone are examples of which lipid category:

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steroids

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The organelle is responsible for the synthesis of carbohydrates and lipids

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Endoplasmic reticulum

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The term that defines the process of keeping a constant constant internal state is:

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homeostasis

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Which level of protein structure may contain covalent bonding between the variable regions of amino acids?

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tertiary

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Difference between RNA aynd DNA include all of the following except...

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Purine composition (A,G)

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The atomic number for an element reflects the:

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number of protons

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An atom's attractive force for an electron is called:

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electronegativity

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Water's ability to form Hydrogen bonds with other water molecules is called:

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cohesion

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An atom with a greater than normal number of neutrons is called:

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isotope

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The loss of a protein's natural shape due to chemicals or heat is called:

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denaturation

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These types of intermolecular bonds may form between non-polar molecules:

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Van der Waals

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Molecules that protect against large changes in pH are called:

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buffers

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Two monosaccharides are hooked together to form a disaccharide by a:

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glykosidic linkage

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Any membrane bound storage are in cell is described as a:

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vacuole

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This organelle of photosynthesis is missing from animal cells:

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chloroplast

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The maximum size a cell can sustain is determined by this ratio:

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surface:volume

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long chain of amino acids

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polypeptide

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molecules differ in functional group position around C=C

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geometric isomer

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carbonyl group

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contributes to ketone structure

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involved in motility

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flagellum

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part of every nucleotide

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phosphate group

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defines an amino acid

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"R" group

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forms disulfide bridges with its own type

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sulfhydryl group

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biological solvent

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water

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presence defines an alcohol

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hydroxyl group

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molecules differ in covalent arrangement around Carbon chain

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structural isomer

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removal of the products of water from molecules

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condensation reaction

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lipid with ring system, cholesterol for example

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steroid

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correlated with the energy of an atom

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electron shell

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binds with amino group forming a peptide bond

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carboxyl group

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made of 2 or more elements

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compound

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molecules structurally differ around an asymmetric Carbon atom

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enantiomer

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made of 2 or more atoms

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molecule

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chain of nucleotides

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DNA

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digestive structure

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lysosome

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contains N

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amino group

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What enzymes are regulated during glycolysis?

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phosphofructokinase and enolase

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Reactions that always result in an overall negative change in free energy are best described as:

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exergonic

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These are organic, non protein-based molecules that assist an enzyme in completing its function

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coenzyme

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The net movement (by simple diffusion) of a solvent across a selectively permeable membrane describes:

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osmosis

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This endocytotic process may result in the concentration of desirable macromolecules:

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recepter-mediated pinocytosis

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In the electron transport chain, energy is released as:

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electrons are moved to closer in orbital positions

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The term used to describe reactions that result in the transfer of electrons between reactants:

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Metabolic reactions

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This type of organic molecule is inserted to stabilize or "partition" membranes:

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steroids

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Two sources of energy used in cellular processes include:

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ATP and established ion gradients

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ADP + Pi + energy > ATP describes:

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an anabolic reaction

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A cell placed into a hypertonic solution will:

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lose water

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A cell will crenate if placed into a solution that is...

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hypertonic

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This component of the Gibbs equation is described as: All the energy in a system:

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enthalpy

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A chemical unit that either gains electrons or acquires a less electronegative atom in place of a more electronegative atom is described as having been:

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reduced

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A maintained imbalance of ions across a plasma membrane resulting in a difference in voltage across the membrane is called:

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membrane potential/electrochemical gradient

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Molecules or ions wanting to diffuse exert a force on the membrane called:

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osmotic pressure

Front 104

These transport mechanisms move materials against a gradient when energy is directly applied:

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pumps

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During glycolysis, how many ATP molecules are generated from a single glucose molecule:

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2 ATP

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A reactant of an enzymatic reaction is called:

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substrate

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All O2 usage during the catabolism of sugars occurs during:

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electron transport chain

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Carbohydrates are always associated with this portion of the lipid bilayer:

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external face

Front 109

This is defined as the capacity to do work or to move matter:

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energy

Front 110

changes the rate of reaction

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catalyst

Front 111

Process of balancing water uptake and loss

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osmoregulation

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loss of electrons from a substrate

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oxidation

Front 113

enzymes that strip H atoms from food source

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dehydrogenase

Front 114

chemical transfer of energy

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phosphorylation

Front 115

associated with the relative motion of objects

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kinetic energy

Front 116

used by a plant to move water

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turgor pressure

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removes of CO2 to create Acetate and make NADH

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pyruvate dehydrogenase

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enzymes that structurally reorganize a molecule

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isomerase

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energy needed to get a reaction to go

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activation energy

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proteins regulated by chemicals or electrical stimuli

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gated channels

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chemical mimics the substrate of an enzyme

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competitive inhibition

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assists an enzyme

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cofactor

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located on inner mitochondrial membrane

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electron transport chain

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structural region of an enzyme used for regulation

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allosteric site

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beneficial change in active site position

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induced fit

Front 126

measure of randomness

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entropy

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accepts electrons from the electron transport chain

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oxygen

Front 128

change in enzyme structure leading to a loss of activity

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denaturation

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enough energy to form product

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activation energy

Front 130

The incorporation of Carbon into an organic compound is called:

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Carbon fixation

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We find photosystems I and II on which region of the chloroplast:

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Thylakoid membrane

Front 132

During Photosynthesis, CO2 is reduced into G3P as part of the:

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Calvin cycle

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This enzyme assists in the "fixation" of carbon dioxide to RuBP during the Calvin cycle reactions:

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rubisco

Front 134

Absorption spectra of chlorophyll molecules are maximum at wavelength's corresponding to these color spectra of visible light:

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blue and red

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Organelle of plant cells

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chloroplast

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Major component of ribosomal subunits

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rRNA

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Stacks of chlorophyll-containing membranes

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grana

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Triplet bases on mRNA

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codon

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Synthesis of a polypeptide under the direction of mRNA

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translation

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Synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA

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transcription

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Assembled during initiation of translation

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ribosome

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source of gas exchange in a leaf

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stomata

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mutation resulting from an extra DNA base being added to the gene

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insertion

Front 144

piece of information on the chromosome

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gene

Front 145

mutation resulting in a stop codon being transcribed instead of amino acid

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nonsense

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where calvin cycle occurs

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stroma

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light containing wavelengths between 380nm and 750nm

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visible spectrum

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CO2 uptake at night

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CAM plants

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adds H2O to the polypeptide causing it to be cleaved from tRNA

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release factor

Front 150

five carbon sugar of the calvin cycle

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RuBP

Front 151

organelle of plant cells

Back 151

chloroplast

Front 152

mutation resulting in a one amino acid change in the polypeptide

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missense

Front 153

uses a proton gradient to make ATP

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ATP synthase

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change in composition resulting from external DNA assimilation

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transformation

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occurs across the thykaloid membrane

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electron transport chain

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linkage map

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genetic map based on recombination frequencies

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deletion

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loss of a chromosomal segment

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duplication

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addition of a chromosomal segment

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inversion

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flipping of information on a chromosome

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translocation

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the movement of information from one member of a homolgous pair to a chromosome of a different (non homologous) pair