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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Respiratory system
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1. upper airways 2. trachea 3. Bronchi 4. Bronchioles 5. Alveoli
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upper respiratory tract- "larynx
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divides upper and lower respiratory tracts -composed entirely of cartilage |
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Alveoli
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more inhaled air to respiratory units
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conducting zone
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upper tract and first portion of the lower tract -conducts air from the atomesphere to the respiratory zone deeper in the body Includes- trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles |
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respiratory zone
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lies deep in lungs where actual gas exchange takes place - respiratory bronchioles, alveoli |
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trachea
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the "C" rings support the trachea so it does not collapse during breathing
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bronchial tree
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Trachea- primary bronchi -secondary bronchi - tertiary bronchi - Bronchioles - terminal bronchioles
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Lungs
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lower portion is broad and sits on the diaphgram the apex of the lungs is the small point extending above the clavicles |
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alveoli
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site of gas exchange "grape like structures grouped toegether" Type 2 alveoli cells(septal cells)- secrete surfactant (prevents walls from sticking toegether) prevents alevloi from colapsing Type 3- Alveolar macrophages- engulf foregin objects |
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inhalation
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the Diapraghm contracts and flattens out causing the bottom of the thoracic cavity to drop and expand in size -Intercostal mucles contract causing ribs to raise and expanding the size of the ribcage |
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Dieseases of upper respiratory tract
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SINUSTIS- most common disease, inflammation or swelling of sinuses OBSTRUCTIVE-something obstructing the normal flow of gases through the lungs CONSTRIVTIVE- airways have been narrowed |
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Bronchitis
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constrictive respiratory disease
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asthma
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constrictive pulmonary disease DURING AaTTACK - 1. smooth muscle of bronchi contracrt 2. mucus production increases in tubes 3. bronchi swell interfering with the passage of air |
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obstructive pulmonary disease
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AFTER exhalation the tubes of the air way do not spring back open because elastic tissue is destroyed
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pulmonary fibrosis
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Destructive increase in collagen(scar tissue) makes lungs less elastic
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chronic obstructive respiratory disease (COPD)
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actually 2 diseases - emphysema and chronic bronchitis emphysema- lung structures are wiled with scar tissue reducing elasticity (exhaling is difficult) Pneumonia- inflammation of lungs cause by bacterial viruses, air sacs are filled with puss |
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cycstic fibrosis -genetic disoreder
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gene that causes consistentcy of mucus in lungs to become thick and sticky
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males contribute______ females contribute_____ |
sperm oocytes (eggs) -main purpose is to produce gametes(egg&sperm) to form new individual |
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Gametogenesis
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sex cells called gametes |
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Spermatogenesis
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spermatocytes -300 million sperm produced per day
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oogenesis
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oocytes- born with all the eggs they will ever have
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Male reproductive system 3 main functions
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1.produce sperm 2. store sperm 3. deliver sperm to female reproductive system |
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sperm production
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at the end in the testes(located in scrotum) testes- epididymis - vas deferens - urethra -transport sperm |
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spermatogenesis
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accessory cells 1. sertoli cells- assist sperm in survial by providing nourishment for developing sperm 2. leydig cells- produce testosterone |
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The Sperm(3 things)
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1. the head of sperm contains nucleus and acrosome - nucleus contains paternal genetic material -the acrosome is a vesicle that contains digestive enzymes 2. middle of sperm contains mitochondria- produce ATP 3. tail consists of one long flagellum -propels sperm along its journey to the egg cell |
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Semen- 3 sets of glands
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1. seminal vesicles- 60% of semen 2. prostate gland- 30% of semen 3. bulbourtheral glands- produces pre cum to lubricate |
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prostate
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where vas deferens/ ejaculatory duct enters urethra
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Male sexual response
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1. Arousal- blood flows to penis causing it to enlarge 2. orgasm- propels sperm from epididymis through the vas deferens, the ejaculatory duct, finally through the urethra, realsing it from the body |
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female reproductive system
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1. receive sperm 2. produce and mainatain egg cells 3. transport oocytes to site of fertilization 4. provide nutrition & safe enviorment for fetal eggs 5. give birth 6. produce female sex hormones(estrogen) |
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fimbriae
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finger like projections that surround part of ovaries -pick up realeased ovum |
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movement through fallopian tube
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beating cilia on cells, creates currents 4-6 days |
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oocytes+support cells
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follicles
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ovulation and fertilization |
ovulated oocyle enters into urethra to be fertilized fertilization- occurs in fallpioan tubes and must occur within 24 hours of ovulation |
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Puberty and menopause
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puberity- reproductive organs mature(can produce gametes menopause- females loose ability to reproduce |
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ectopic pregancies
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occur outside of uterus, tubes cant expand to accommodate impanted embryo as embryo grows tube will rupture- embryo dies |
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the plactenta 2 thingg
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1. oxygen & nutrients- from maternal blood- diffuse into embryonic blood 2. wastes-(carbon dioxide& urea)- diffuse from embroyonic blood too maternal blood |
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pregnancy test
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placenta hormone can be detected in urine 2 weeks after implantation
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Surgical methods of birth control |
1. vasertomy- blocks van deferens wait 6 weeks you will be steral (males) 2. tubal litigation- blocks the uterine tubes, prevents egg from reaching uterus and sperm from passing |
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hormonal birth control
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keep female horomones level high, the eggs do not mature, no eggs ready to ovulate - norplant0 sticks implanted into arm slowly leaks horomones into female body for 5 years -depo-povera = an intramuscular injection of female horomones |
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apoposis
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programmed cell death
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oncogenes
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genes that cause cancer
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T cells and natural born killers
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recognize these abnormal antigens on potentially cancerous cells and destroy them |
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dysplasia
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growth of abnormal cancerous cells |
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angenesis
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process by which a new blood vessels are formed to feed a tumor |
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metastasis
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process by which the original cancer tumors spread throughout the body
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cancer facts( 2 things)
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no single cause for an individual cancer 50% of all cancers are from environmental carcinogens (chemicals and radiation) |
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3 most deadly cancers
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lung, breast, colortecal |
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Skin cancer
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Most common type of cancer in men and women
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leukemia
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cancer of white blood cells |
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3 standard treatments for cancer
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1. surgery 2. radiation therapy 3. chemotherapy |
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chemotherapy
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disrupts cells throughout body -uses compunds that kill fast growing cells |
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radiation therapy
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deadly to dividing cells -cant distinguish between healthy and cnacer cells |
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immunotheraphy
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boost the immune system in effort to fight cancer more effectivly
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antio-gensisis drugs
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can starve a tumor of nutrition and blood
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photo therapy
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lasers and light sensitive drugs -drugs are light sensitive so dormant when traveling through body only active when light irrates them |
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pulmonary circutt
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takes blood to and from the lungs |
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systemic circut
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vessels transport blood to and from body tissue |
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atria
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reveving chambers, blood from pulmonary & systemic circuts
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ventricles
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the pumping chamber of a heart |
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pericardium
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membrane secreting lubricating fluid that surronds the heart and allows it to beat w/o causing harm to itself
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heart diseses (3)
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1. pericarditis- viral, bacterial, sharp percing on left side of chest 2. pericardial effusion- fluid accumulation, pressure on heart 3. pericardial mesothelioma- tumor in pericardium, asbestos exposure |
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3 layers of heart |
1. epicardium- outer surface 2. myocardium- muscle of heart, contracts to create hartbeat 3. endocardium- inner surface |
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4 chambers in heart
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2 atria, 2 ventricles |
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atrioventricular
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valves between the atria and ventricles, open to allow blood to pass, then closes when chamber contracts to pump
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tricuspid "tri to get it right" |
found in right ventricle
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bicuspid/mitral valve
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found in left ventircle
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Blood that returns from the lungs enters the ____atrium and drops through the ___valve into the_____ ventricle, which pumps the blood throughout the bosy
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1. left 2. mitral 3. left |
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chronic hypertension
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capillary beds leak blood into surrounding tissue or breaks entirely causing internal bruising
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three types of blood vessels
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1. arties 2. capilaries 3. veins |
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arties
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carry blood away from the heart
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capillaries
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very thin, single layer of cells, permit rapid exchange of gases, nutrients, and wste across the blood vessel wall
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veins
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bring blood back to heart
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skeletal muscle pump
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muscles press against thin walled veins
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venules
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blood leaving capillaries collect in the larger vessels
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varicose veins
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as blood moves into veins it pools against valve, if weak, walls expand
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spider veins
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involves venules, surface venules fill with blood but do not empty
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blood consist of 3 things
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plasma. cells, other formed elements *liquid portion |
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red blood cells
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deliver oxygen
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white blood cells
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patrol the body to destroy pathegones |
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platelets
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help clot blood
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hemoglobin
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iron atom @ center, picks up oxygen from lungs and delivers to tissues where oxygen is scare
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megakaryocytes
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fragements of large cells
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anemia
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reduction in red blood cell population and this in bloods oxygen carrying capacity
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