Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
mixture of dissolved molecules in a liquid
|
solution
|
|
|
the substance that is dissolved in a solution
|
solute
|
|
|
the liquid in a solution
|
solvent
|
|
|
what are the two major classes of membrane proteins?
|
carrier proteins and channel proteins.
|
|
|
protein that move the colute across the membrane by binding it on one side and transporting it to the other side
|
carrier proteins
|
|
|
what membrane protein requires a conformational change?
|
carrier proteins
|
|
|
what membrane protein binds their solutes with great specificity?
|
carrier proteins
|
|
|
proteins that are small hydrophillic pores that allow for solutes to pass through.
|
channel proteins
|
|
|
what membrane protein used diffusion to move accross?
|
channel proteins
|
|
|
what are channel proteins called when only ions are transfeered?
|
ion channels.
|
|
|
what membrane protein discriminate solutes base on size and electric charge?
|
channel proteins
|
|
|
channel proteins witll let solutes pass if they have the ____.
|
right size and charge
|
|
|
carrier proteins require that the solute _____.
|
fit in the binding site.
|
|
|
when molecules move from a higher to lower concentration is called what transport?
|
passive transport
|
|
|
movement against a concentration gradient requires energy is what type of transport?
|
active transport
|
|
|
passive transport move molecule from a ____ to ____ concentration.
|
high to low
|
|
|
active transport move molecules from a ___ to ____ concentration.
|
low to high
|
|
|
what is passive transport also called?
|
facilitated diffusion
|
|
|
which type of transport used energy?
|
active transport
|
|
|
carried out only by special types of carrier proteins that can harness some energy source to the transport process.
|
active transport
|
|
|
carrier protein carries how many types of molecule?
|
usually only one
|
|
|
the glucose carrier is ___ transport
|
passive
|
|
|
the glucose carrier is said to cross the membrane at least ___ times
|
12
|
|
|
the glucose carrier has at least ___ confromations
|
2
|
|
|
when glucose level is high outside the cell the conformation of the glucose carrier is ____ and ____.
|
open to take in glucose and move it to the cytosol
|
|
|
when glucose levels are low outside the cell it triggers the ____, increasing the glucose levels in the cell.
|
breakdown of glycogen
|
|
|
when the glucose levels are low outside the cell the conformation of the glucose carrier ____.
|
moves the glucose out of the cell.
|
|
|
the glucose carrier can move only ____ mot the mirror image.
|
D-glucose
|
|
|
in case of uncharged molecule, the direction of passive transport is determined soley by ____.
|
concentration gradient
|
|
|
charged molecules have another component- a voltage across the membrane called the ____.
|
membrane potential
|
|
|
cyoplasm is usually ____ relative to the outside of the cell. so it pulls in ___ charges and moves out ___ chages.
|
negative;positive;negative.
|
|
|
the net driving force is called the ____ for the given solute.
|
electrochemical gradient
|
|
|
what is the electrochemical gradient force made of?
|
concentration gradient and the voltage across the membrane
|
|
|
the ____ determines the direction of the solute during passive transport.
|
electrochemical gradient
|
|
|
what are the 3 main methods to move solutes againts an elecrtochemical gradient?
|
coupled transporters, ATP-driven pumps, Light-driven pumps
|
|
|
transporters that are 1 uphill transport and 1 downhill transport
|
coupled transport
|
|
|
active transport that is coupled uphill transport to the hydrolysis of ATP
|
ATP-driven pumps
|
|
|
active transport that used light as energy (found mainly in bacteria cells)
|
Light-driven pumps
|
|
|
the active transport proteins are linked together so that you can establish the ____.
|
electrochemical gradient
|
|
|
The ATP-driven Na+ pump in animal cells hydrolyzes ATP to ADP and transport Na+ out of the cell.
|
Na-K pump
|
|
|
because the Na-K pump not only is a carrier protein but also an enzyme is it called a ___.
|
ATPase
|
|
|
at the same time this pump is hydrolyzing ATP to ADP it couples the outward transport of Na and inward transport of K
|
Na-K pump
|
|
|
the Na-K pump is also known as ___
|
Na-K ATPase
|
|
|
what is the cycle of the Na-K pump?
|
1. Na binds to the pump inside the cell
2. Pump phosphrylates itself with phophate from ATP hydroysis which caused a conformation change 3. Pump Na out and picks up K 4. PO4 group is removed and it changes to original shape 5. Pump K to inside |
|
|
how many Na is removed and how many K is taken in during one cycle of Na-K pump?
|
3 Na removed, 2 K taken in.
|
|
|
a gradient of any solute across the membrane can be used to move a second solute.
|
coupled transporters
|
|
|
what are the two ways 2 molecules can be moved in coupled transporters?
|
symport and antiport
|
|
|
in a coupled transporter when 2 molecule move in the same direction
|
symport
|
|
|
in a coupled transporter when 2 molecule move in opposite directions
|
antiport
|
|
|
carrier transport that only carries one molecule is called ____.
|
uniport
|
|
|
the Na-K pump is driven by the additon of a ____.
|
phosphate group
|
|
|
what are the 2 mechanisms of transporting glucose?
|
passive trasnport at the apical surface and acitve trasport at the basal surface
|
|
|
the Na driven aymport is used to move ____
|
other sugars and amino acids
|
|
|
the Na driven antiport is ___ in cells.
|
very important
|
|
|
the ___ is used to move Na into the cell and then moves the H out of the cell.
|
Na-H exchanger
|
|
|
what regulated the pH of the cytosol?
|
Na-H exchanger
|
|
|
the movement of water from region of low solute concentration (high water concentration) to an area of high solute concentration (low water concentration)
|
osmosis
|
|
|
the driving force from the differnece in water pressure
|
osmotic pressure
|
|
|
what are the three types of osmotic solutions?
|
isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic
|
|
|
osmotic solution that has equal solute on each side of the membrane
|
isotonic
|
|
|
osmotic solution that has less soltue outside the cell, water rushes into cell and cell bursts
|
hypotonic
|
|
|
osmotic solution that has more solute outside the cell, water rushes out of cell and cell shrivels
|
hypertonic
|
|
|
Na-K pump is used in ___ cells.
|
animal cells
|
|
|
H gradients is used in ____ cells.
|
plant, fungi, or bacteria
|
|
|
aminal cell maintain normal cell structure with ___
|
Na-K pump
|
|
|
when Na-K pump is halted, or if ATP has run out, osmotic balance is broken and cell will ___.
|
swell and burst
|
|
|
____ result from the effect of osmosis and active transpot of ions into the plant cells
|
turgor pressure
|
|
|
___ have special water collectine vaculoes to remove excess water
|
protozoans
|
|
|
___ drives the movement of molecules across the plams membranes of plants, fungi, and bacteria
|
H gradients
|
|
|
found in membranes of lysosomes (animal cells) and vacuoles (plant and fungal cells)
|
H gradient
|
|
|
created by ATP-driven H pump
|
H gradient
|
|
|
location is in the plasma membrance of plant cells, fungi. and some bacteria. uses ATP hydrolysis as energy source and its function is to active export of H from cell
|
H pump
|
|
|
location is in membranes of lysosomes in animal cells and of vacuoles in plant and fungal cells. it uses ATP hydrolysis as energy source and its function is the active export of H from the cytosol into vacuole
|
H pump
|
|
|
what do ion channels mainly move?
|
Na, K, Cl, and Ca
|
|
|
what are the two properties of ion channels?
|
ion selectivity and gated ion channels
|
|
|
in ion channels the ion selectivity is based on pore ___ and ___ and on the ____ on the inner wall of the channel
|
size, shape, and charge
|
|
|
in an ion channel the ___ allows some ions to pass ans restrict others.
|
ion selectivity
|
|
|
in an ion channel the gated ion channels ahve the ability to control the ____.
|
flow of ions
|
|
|
the cated ion channels switch between ____ and ___ conformations
|
open and closed
|
|
|
what are the advantages and disadvantages of ion channels
|
advantages: great rate of transport
disadvantages:cannot couple to an energy source. only passive transport is possible. and simply provide transient permeabitiy to selective inorganic ions. |
|
|
what is the basis of all electrical activity in cells?
|
membrane potential
|
|
|
___ can keep ion concentration far from equilibrium in the cell
|
active transport
|
|
|
as voltage changes other ion channels _____.
|
open ans close
|
|
|
what allowss for the electrical activity to move across the membrane?
|
membrane poteintal
|
|
|
what are the three type of channels?
|
voltage -gated channels, ligand-gated channels, stress activated channels
|
|
|
a channel that is controlled by membrane potential
|
voltage-gated channels
|
|
|
a channel that is controlled by binding of a ligand to a membrane protein (either on the outside or the inside)
|
lingand-gated channels
|
|
|
a channel that is controlled by mechanical force on the cell
|
strss activated channel
|
|
|
auditory hair cells are ____
|
stress activated channels
|
|
|
___ is the source of all energy
|
sun
|
|
|
through ____ plants convert solar energy to chemical energy and sugars
|
photosynthesis and dark reactions
|
|
|
other organisms consume sugars and cnvert sugars to ____
|
chemical energy
|
|
|
____ metabolism yeilds the most energy (O2 is needed)
|
aerobic
|
|
|
what are the products of sugar catabolism?
|
CO2, H2O and reduced (acticated) carriers
|
|
|
whar are the reduced carriers in the products of sugar catabolism?
|
NADH and NADPH
|
|
|
what are the stages of how cells obtain energy from food?
|
1. digestion
2. glycolysis 3. kreb's cycle/ETC |
|
|
where does glycolysis start?
|
in the cytoplasm
|
|
|
what is the net outcome of glycolysis?
|
2 NADH and 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate
|
|
|
glycolysis has ___ enzymes and ___ raction types
|
10 enzymes and 5 reaction types
|
|
|
glycolysis reaction type that add a phosphate group to intermediates, phosphate transfer
|
kinases
|
|
|
glycolysis enzyme and reaction: dehydrogenase
|
make NADH
|
|
|
glycolysis enzyme and reaction: dehydrations
|
removes H2O
|
|
|
___ can generate ATP in absence of O2 (anaerobic)
|
fermentation
|
|
|
gylcolysis reaction type that split glucose to 2 3-C molecules
|
cleavage reaction
|
|
|
Glycolysis uses 2ATP to catabolize glucose with the yeild of ____.
|
2NADH + 4ATP + 2pyruvate
|
|
|
pyruvate molecules move to the mitochondria and is converted into ___ and ____.
|
CO2 and acetyl group
|
|
|
during the kreb's cycle, in the mitocondria, pyruvate is broken down to ___ and the remaining ___ are added to Coenzyme A.
|
CO2; acetyl group
|
|
|
where does the kreb's cycle occur?
|
in the mitochondria
|
|
|
glycolysis enzyme and reaction: kinase
|
phosphate transfer
|
|
|
glycolysis enzyme and reaction: isomerase
|
rearrange atoms
|
|
|
the breakdown of organic molecules without the involvement of molecular oxygen. Oxidation is less complete than in aerobis processes and yields less energy.
|
fermentation
|
|
|
when a pyrvate is moved to the mitochondria and is converted to 1 molecule of CO2, 1 molecule of NADH and the remaining carbons are attached to Coenzyme A creating _____ .
|
acetyl CoA
|
|
|
each acetyl coA transfers the 2 carbons to ___ where carrier molecules are generated.
|
citric acid cycle
|
|
|
in the kreb's cycle, ___ can be linked to CoA and therfore yeild acetyl CoA that can enter the citric acid cycle
|
fatty acids
|
|
|
fatty acids in the kreb's cycle generates ___ and ____ for each acetylCoA
|
NADH and FADH2
|
|
|
in the kreb's cycle the electrons can be made into the ____
|
electron transport chain
|
|
|
in the electron transport chain, ___ is produced through oxidative phosphorylation
|
ATP
|
|
|
the electron transport chain is only possible in ____ organisms
|
aerobic
|
|
|
process in bacteria and mitochondria in which ATP formation is driven by the transfers of electons from food molecule to molecular oxygen. involves the intermediate generation of pH gradient across a membrane and chemiosmotic coupling
|
oxidative phosphorylation
|
|
|
what is the end product of citric acid cycle?
|
CO2 and NADH high energy molecules
|
|
|
citric acid cycle requires ___ to regenerate NAD+ but not actually used in reactions
|
O2
|
|
|
in the citric acid cycle, it leinks the acetyl group of acetyl CoA to 4carbon molecule, _____, to make a 6carbon citrate.
|
oxaloacetate
|
|
|
two new energy molecules are produced in the citric acid cycle.
|
FADH2 and GTP
|
|
|
what is the final step in the energy generation where most energy is release?
|
electron-transport chain
|
|
|
where does the electron-transport chain occur?
|
inner membrane of the mitochondria
|
|
|
specialized molecules accept and donate electrons as they move down the electron-transport chain creating an ___
|
electrochemical gradient
|
|
|
the electrochemical gradient produced by the electron-transport chain generatea ___.
|
ATP
|
|
|
where does oxidative phosphorylation occur in bacteria and in eukaryotes?
|
in bacteria: plasma membrane
in eukaryotes: in the inner mitochondrial membrane |
|
|
the complete oxidate of glucose
|
oxidative phosphorylation
|
|
|
fatty acids are stored as ___ is fat cells and glucose is stored as ___ in animal cell cytoplasm
|
fat droplets; gylcogen
|
|
|
stores gylcogen is used when there is not enough glucose in the ____ which is then released as glucose 1-phosphate that can enter glycolysis.
|
blood stream
|
|
|
food is stored in the ___ and ___ in plants
|
chloroplasts and mitochondria
|
|
|
excess sugars in plants can be converted to ___ or ___ which is stored in the chloroplast
|
fats or starch
|
|
|
what are the two types of metabolism?
|
anabolism and catabolism
|
|
|
what is the type of metabolism that uses high ATP levels and what uses low ATP levels?
|
high levels: anabolism
low levels: catabolism |
|
|
what does anabolism and catabolism produce?
|
glycogen, fats, and proteins
|
|
|
chloroplasts make ___ and ___ that cannot leave
|
ATP and NADPH
|
|
|
ATP and NADPH converted to sugar that can leave are used in ___ and ATP generation in the ___ and made into other ____.
|
glycolysis; mitochondria; building blocks
|
