Bio Final

Front 1

Segregation

Back 1

Two members of a gene pair segregate from each other in the formation of gametes. Half the gametes carry one allele and the other half carry the other

Front 2

Independent assortment

Back 2

Genes for different traits sort independently of one another in the formation of gametes

Front 3

Character vs. Trait

Back 3

Character: heritable feature that various among individuals

Trait: the variations of that feature

Front 4

Incomplete Dominance

Back 4

A form of inheritance in which one allele is not completely dominant over the other

Front 5

Codominance

Back 5

Both allele for a trait are dominant

Front 6

Pleiotropy

Back 6

One gene affects multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits

Front 7

Epistasis

Back 7

Consists of the effect of one gene being dependent on the presence of one or more modifier genes

Front 8

Polygenic Inheritance

Back 8

Multiple gene inheritance

Front 9

Pedigree

Back 9

The record of descent of an animal, showing it to be purebred

Front 10

Recessive inherited disorder

Back 10

Needs two genes to be present

Front 11

Histone

Back 11

Proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order DNA into structural units called nucleosomes

Front 12

Nucleosomes

Back 12

Basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound in sequence around eight histone protein cores

Front 13

Looped Domain

Back 13

Present in bacterial chromosomes as a way of packaging a massive chromosome into a small space

Front 14

Chromatid

Back 14

Each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division

Front 15

Chargaff's Rules

Back 15

State that DNA from any cell of all organisms should have a 1:1 ration of pyrimidine and purine bases and that the amount of guanine is equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine is equal to thymine

Front 16

Rosalind Franklin

Back 16

Helix

Front 17

Watson and Crick

Back 17

DNA model

Front 18

DNA replication

Back 18

Begins at origins of replication where two strands are separated, opening up a replication bubble

Free-floating nucleotides attach to parent rungs

Strands elongate
Proteins help

Front 19

Origin of Replication

Back 19

Where replication is initiated

Front 20

Replication Bubble

Back 20

A portion of the DNA molecule that has opened, providing a site for two replication forks

Front 21

Replication fork

Back 21

The point at which two strands of DNA are separated to allow replication of each strand

Front 22

Helicase

Back 22

Enzymes that bind and may even remodel nucleic acid or nucleic acid protein complexes

Front 23

Single-stranded binding proteins

Back 23

A class of protein they have been identified in both viruses and organisms from bacteria to humans

Front 24

Topoisomerase

Back 24

An enzyme that alters the supercoiled form of a DNA molecule

Front 25

Primase

Back 25

An enzyme involved in the replication of DNA, creates an rna primer

Front 26

DNA polymerase I

Back 26

Replicates the base sequence of a template DNA strand

Front 27

DNA polymerase III

Back 27

Prokaryotic

Front 28

Dna ligase

Back 28

Facilitates the joining of dna strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond

Front 29

Okazaki Fragments

Back 29

Short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand

Front 30

Telomeres

Back 30

Compound structure at end of chromosome

Front 31

Why from genes to proteins

Back 31

Genes contain coded formula needed by the cell to produce proteins.

Front 32

Rna

Back 32

Bridge between genes and proteins for which they code

Front 33

mRNA

Back 33

Carries messages in series of codons

Front 34

tRNA

Back 34

Translates message by transferring AA from cytoplasmic pool to a growing polypeptide chain

Front 35

Codons

Back 35

Flow of info from gene to protein is based on a triplet code

Front 36

Reading frame

Back 36

Correct groupings

Front 37

Transcription

Back 37

DNA-directed synthesis of rna

Front 38

RNA POLYMERASE

Back 38

Pries DNA strands apart and hooks together RNA nucleotides

Front 39

Promoter

Back 39

DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches

Front 40

Terminator

Back 40

DNA sequence signals stop

Front 41

Transcription unit

Back 41

Stretch of DNA that is transcribed

Front 42

Three Stages of Transcription

Back 42

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

Front 43

Translation

Back 43

RNA-directed synthesis of polypeptide

Front 44

tRNA

Back 44

Translator from nucleic acid codon to amino acid

Front 45

Anticodon

Back 45

Three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule

Front 46

P Site

Back 46

Holds tRNA THAT carries the growing polypeptide chain

Front 47

A Site

Back 47

Holds the tRNA THAT carries best amino acid to be added to chain

Front 48

E Site

Back 48

Exit site where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome

Front 49

Three important components of evolution by natural selection

Back 49

Variation
Variation is heritable
Variation leads to differential survival and reproduction

Front 50

5 agents of evolutionary change

Back 50

Mutations
Genetic Drift
Gene flow
Non-random mating
Natural selection

Front 51

Bottleneck/founders effect

Back 51

Genetic Drift can cause big losses of genetic variation for small populations

Front 52

Sexual Dimorphism

Back 52

Distinct difference in size or appearance between sexes of an animal in addition to difference between sexual organs themselves

Front 53

Main sources of genetic variation

Back 53

Mutations. Gene flow