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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biology
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Study of the structure and function of the living world
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Organisms characteristics
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Acquire and use energy
Respond to their environment Made of cells Posses genetic material Reproduce on their own Change over time (evolve)/,7 |
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Scientific theory
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A well supported explanation for a very general phenomenon
Ex: atomic theory or Big Bang theory |
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Theories are..
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Backed up by numerous scientific experiments
All evidence points o the same conclusions CAN be revised to incorporate new scientific evidence |
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Scientific method
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1. Observation/Ask a question
2. Develop a hypothesis 3. Design an experiment 4. Predictions 5. Preform experiment/data collection 6. Data Analysis/Conclusions |
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Hyptheses must be..
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Testable & Falsifiable
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Control grohp
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Kept constant
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Experimental group
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Modified in some way
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Independent variable
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What is different between control and test groups
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Dependent variable
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Data to be measured or collected
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Matter
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Substance that takes up space and has mass
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Element
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Substance that cannot be broken down further by chemical reaction
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4 elements that equal 96% of life..
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Carbon
Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen |
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Compoubd
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Substance have two or more elements in fixed ratio
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Atomic bumber
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# of protons
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Mass Number (Atomic Weight)
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# of protons + # of neutrons
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Orbital
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Specific region where electrons move around a nucleus
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Electron shell
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Groups of orbitals
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How are atoms connected to create molecules?
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Bonds
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An atom is most stable when..
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When the valence election sh'll is full
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Covalent Bonds
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Formed when electrons are "shared" between atoms
Shared equally = non polar covalent bonds NOT shared equally = polar covalent bonds |
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Ionic Bond
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Formed when electrons are transferred between atoms
Create ions (atoms that carry a charge) |
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Cation
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Positively charged ion
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Anion
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Negatively charged ion
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Hydrogen bond
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Formed by electrical attraction of the partial charges of polar molecules
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Properties of Water
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Expands as it freezes
Excellent solvent Cohesion Adhesion Surface Tension |
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Macromolecu
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Giant molecules
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4 Categories of Macromolecules
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Carbohydrates (fuel, storage)
Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA- info storage) Proteins (perform the cells "work") Lipids (energy storage, structure, steroid) |
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Most macromolecules..
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Polymers
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Polymers
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Made by stringing together many smaller molecules called monomers
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Monomers
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Small molecules joined by a dehydration reaction
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Dehydration Reaction
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Links 2 monomers together
Removed a molecule of water To preform reaction cell must expand energy Can occur only with help of enzymes |
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Enzyme
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Specialized proteins that act as catalysts (speed up chemical reactions)
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How are macromolecules made?
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Short polymer+unlinked polymer
Dehydration removes a water molecule forming a new bond Becomes a longer polymer Condensation reaction in the synthesis of a polymer Hydrolysis adds a water molecule, breaking a bond Hydrolysis of a polymer |
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Polymer
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Protein or polypeptide
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Monomer
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amino acid
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Functions of Proteins
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Metabolism
Transport molecules Structure Signaling molecules Defense Movement Storage |
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Why is proper folding important?
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Form (shape) = function
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A proteins shape is sensitive to..
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The surrounding environment
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What can cause denaturation of a protein?
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Temperature and PH
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What in humans can cause proteins to denature?
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High fevers of 104 degrees
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Misfolded proteins are associated with..
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Alzheimer's disease
Mad cow disease Parkinson's disease |
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Prion
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Protein that acts as an infectious particle
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In order for chemical reactions to occur..
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The reactions must collide
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Activation ebergy
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Amount of free energy required to reach the transition state
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Enzymes act as catalysts for chemical reactions.. This does what?
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Lowers the activation energy
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Enzyme action
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Initiation - reactants bind active site & forms enzyme substrate complex
Transition - interactions lower the activation energy Termination - products have loser affinity for enzyme and release, enzyme is uncharged by the reaction |
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Nucleic scids
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Macromolecules that provide the directions for building proteins and the genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents
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Dna resides in cells in long fibers called..
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Chromosomes
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Gene
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A specific stretch of dna that codes for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide/protein
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Nucleotides have 3 parts..
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1. 5 carbon sugar (ribose in rna, deoxyribose in DNa)
2. Phosphate group 3. Nitrogenous base (A, g, c, t) |
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Pyrimidines
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1 ring
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Purines
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2 rings
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Bonding of nucleic acids..
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Covalent bond
creates the sugar phosphate backbone |
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In dna what pairs with what..
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A with t
G with c |
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Monosaccharides
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Simple sugars
Cannot be broken down Main fuel for cellular work Have 3-7 carbons |
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Disaccharide
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Double sugar
Constructed from 2 monosaccharides Formed by a dehydration reaction Include: lactose in milk, maltose in beer, sucrose in table sugar |
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Polysaccharide
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Cell identity
Cell surface markers Very large complex carbohydrates Starch- plant storage rook under made of glucose monomers |
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Glucogen
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Animal and fungi storage polysaccharide
Animals store glycogen in lived and muscle cells Converted to glucose when needed |
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Cellulose
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Dietary fiber
Can only be digested by microbes in the rumen of cows sheep and termites or some fungi Wood and cotton are composed largely of cellulose |
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Lipids 3 main types
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Energy storage (triglycerides)
Structure (phospholipids) Cholesterol, sex hormones (steroids) |
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Fats (triglycerides)
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Store energy, provide insulation & cushioning
Constructed form glycerol and 3 fatty acids |
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Synthesis on lipids
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Fats form via dehydration factions
Ester bond form |
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Examples of saturated fats
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Meat butter cheese ice xream
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Unsaturated fats examples
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Plant oils, omega 3 fats (nuts), fish shrimp
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Trans fat examples
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Donuts or margarine
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Phospholipids
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Main components of the membrane that surround all cells
polar head=hydrophilic Nonpolar tail= hydrophobic |
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Lipid bilateral with no unsaturated fatty acids =
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Lower permeability, less Fluid
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Lipid bilateral with many unsaturated fatty acids =
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Higher permeability, more fluid
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Cholesterol
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"Base steroid" from which other steroids are produced. Sex hormones are steroids
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Cell membrane function
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Working cells must control the flow of materials to and from the environment.
Membrane proteins perform many functions |
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What are examples of things that enter the crll
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Nutrients
Oxygen Ions Water |
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What are some examples of things that leave the cell?
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Metabolic waste products
Ions Water Secretions |
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Diffusion of solutes
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Small uncharged or polar molecules
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Diffusion of water
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Osmosis
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Facilitated diffusikn
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Integral proteins
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Diffusion
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The tendency for molecules of any substance to spread out into the available space
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