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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Difference between open and closed circulatory systems |
Open: blood passes from vessels into sinuses where it mixes with body fluid and reenters the vessels in another location.
Closed: blood is physically separated from other body fluids and can be separately controlled |
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Mollusks |
Beneficial: we use them as a food source (clams, scallops, mussels) and economically (pearls, shells) Harmful: some burrow through ship hulls and docks (shipworms), cause ecological damage (zebra mussel), cause terrestrial damage to crops and gardens (slugs, snails), and they serve as hosts to parasites |
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4 main characteristics of phylum chordata |
Deuterosomes, choelomates. 1) Nerve chord: is hollow, runs just below the dorsal surface of the animal. 2) Notochord: a flexible rod just below the nerve chord which is present at some developmental stage in all chordates. 3) Paryngeal slits: present in the embryos of all vertebrates that connect the pharynx to the outside. 4) Postanal tail: extends past the anus at least during embryonic development. |
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How fish evolved from ostracoderms to bony fishes |
First fish were ostracoderms (shell-skinned). Bottom dwellers with jawless mouth, eyes on upper surface. Evolution of a jaw (during Silurian Period) from the most anterior series of cartilaginous arch supports within the gills. Sharks & bony fish evolved during Devonian period due to superior design for swimming: a streamlined body, caudal fin for propulsion, dorsal fins for stabilization, and pectoral fins for directional change. Bony fishes evolved around the same time as sharks but developed a heavy bony internal skeleton (ossification). 2 classes: sarcopterygii (lobed-finned) and Actinopterygii (ray-finned). |
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3 adaptations of bony fish |
1) Swim bladder: a gas filled sac that allows them to regulate their buoyancy which saves energy. Some get the gases from their blood while others gasp for it at the surface. 2) Lateral line system: a series of sensory organs with cilia embedded in them that project into a canal beneath the surface of the skin. They can detect changes in swim rate, motion or motionless objects in the water 3) Gill Cover (operculum): a hard plate covering the gills. This can open and close, which can allow for the fish to pump water over the gills while staying still in the water. |
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3 orders of amphibians |
Anura: without tails: frogs and toads Urodela: visible tail, elongated bodies, smooth/moist skin: salamanders Apoda: legless, wormlike, burrowing: caecilians |
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3 characteristics of reptiles |
Amniotic egg: watertight eggs that contain a food source (yolk) and a series of 4 membranes (yolk sac, amnion, allantois, chorion) Dry skin: usually scales or a layer of armour, dry, watertight skin. Thoracic breathing: expanding and contracting the rib cage to suck air into the lungs and then force it out. |
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Key characteristics of birds |
Feathers: modified reptilian scales that provide lift for flight and conserve heat Flight skeleton: thin and hollow bones many of which are fused to make the skeleton more rigid
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Birds adaptations for flight |
1) efficient respiration: lungs extend into their hollow bones in order to increase surface area since flying consumes much oxygen 2) Efficient circulation: have a heart with complete separation to not mix oxygenated and oxygen poor blood. 3) Endothermy: maintain significantly high internal temperatures to permit a rapid metabolism |
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Different ways animals can thermoregulate |
Insulation: in the form of skin, fur, feathers, oil or fat. Circulatory adaptations: vasoconstriction, vasodilation, countercurrent heat exchange Evaporative cooling: sweating Behaviorally: hibernation, migration, finding solar heat, changing posture, huddling. Adjusting metabolic heat production: shivering, using brown fat. |
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3 types of teeth and their functions |
Incisors: biting Canines: cutting, tearing Molars: grinding, crushing |
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Diets with more pronounced types of teeth |
Carnivores: pointed incisors and canines (dogs, cats) Herbivores: little or no canines and more broad rigid surfaced molars (horses, cows) Omnivores: all 3 types (humans) |
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4 main feeding mechanisms of animals |
Suspension feeders: sift small food particles from water. Many aquatic animals do this (whales, oysters, clams) Substrate feeders: live in or on their food source (caterpillars, maggots) Fluid feeders: suck nutrient rich fluid from a living host (mosquitos, aphids, humming birds, bees) Bulk feeders: eat relatively large pieces of food (humans, snakes, mammals) |
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How 02 and CO2 affect pH |
As CO2 levels increase, pH decreases (becomes more acidic) As O2 levels increase, pH increases (becomes more basic) |
