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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Transcription
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[in nucleus]
1. Recognize and bind (read 2. Transcribe (copy) 3. Terminate (mRNA detaches) 4. Capping and editing (front and back cover) |
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DNA
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1. Sugar-phosphate backbone
2. Double-helix 3. Hydrogen bonds 4. Nitrogen-containing molecules (ATCG) |
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Wilkins, Watson, Crick
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Dna's structure (double helix)
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Franklin
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location of phosphate groups (backbone)
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Chargaff
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A=T, C=G
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Translation
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tRNA: 2 sided
DNA directs synthesis of proteins [in cytoplasm] need amino acids (1) Recognize and initiate protein building [mRNA binds to AUG] (2) Elongate (3) Termination |
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locus
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location of gene on a chromosome
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diploid
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2 copies (46 chromosomes)
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haploid
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1 copy (23 chromosomes)
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Biotechnology
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Benefits: treats diseases, can mass produce
Risks: safe? not natural. |
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Mitosis
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somatic cells.
make duplicate cells (diploid). Purposes: growth, replacement |
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Meiosis
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sex cells
specialized cell division creates gametes-> 4 haploid cells Purposes: create egg&sperm (gametes), reduces genetic material, creates genetic variety |
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Hardy-weinberg
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smaller population: more change
larger: more stable |
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Evolution
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1. mutation
2. genetic drift 3. gene flow (migration) 4. natural selection |
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mutation
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alteration of base pair sequence of individual's dna
reduces fitness (frog w/ 3 legs) |
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genetic drift
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small populations
loss of genetic diversity (6 fingers) (surviving members of population) |
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migration (gene flow)
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move into & out of populations
keeps separated populations genetically similar (yarrow) |
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natural selection
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desirable traits survive more
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directional
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one extreme
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stabilizing
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intermediate most fit
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disruptive
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extremes on both ends
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Georges Curvier
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extinction: fact
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Georges Buffon
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speculated about evolution
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Jean Baptiste Lamarck
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evolution: species change over time
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Charles Lyell
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the earth was shaped by slow-moving forces still in operation today
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Kindgom Animalia
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multicellular
eukaryotic heterotrophic |
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Phylum Porifera
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sponges, simplest of all animals
lack symmetry can reproduce asexually |
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Physum Echinodermata
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sea stars, urchins
radial symmetry digestive tract simple systems water vascular system |
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phylum chordata
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4 distinct body features
vertebrate bilaterally symmetrical endoskeleton |
