Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What do lipoproteins do?
|
They escort cholesterol through the bloodstream
|
|
Which lipoproteins are good and which are bad?
|
HDL are good and LDL are bad.
|
|
Polypeptides are...
|
Proteins
|
|
All amino acid have (5)...
|
-built around a central carbon
-all have a hydrogen - have an amino group -have a carboxylic acid -each has a unique branch |
|
Our bodies can make __ of __ amino acids from __
|
12, 20, starch
|
|
Organic (Biological) Molecules must have a _____ and a _____
|
hydrogen, carbon
|
|
All organic molecules use ____ bonds
|
covalent
|
|
Polysaccharides are used for both ___ and ___
|
energy storage, sturctural support
|
|
Polysaccharide 2 Main functions
1. Energy Storage: Plants (____) Animals(____) 2. Structural support Plants (___), Animals (____) |
Starch, Glycogen
Cellulose, Chitin |
|
Types of organic molecules
|
charbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
|
|
Types of lipids
|
-Fats, oils, waxes
- Steroids -Phospholipids |
|
Three types of fatty acids:
|
Saturated, unsaturated, polyunsaturated
|
|
Monounsaturated triglycerides have kinks because...
|
One C is missing an H (In polyunsaturated fatty acids, 2 or more C's are missing an H)
|
|
3 major parts of Cell Theory...
|
1. All living things are made up of 1 or more cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of life 3. All cells are derived from other cells |
|
4 basic things to know about cells
|
1. Cell must be small
2. Function determines structure 3. Cells are complex in both function and structure 4. Cells use energy to stay alive |
|
Cytoplasm consists of...
|
Cytosol and Organelles
|
|
In animals cells, mitochondria convert ___ to ___ while in plants cholorplasts convert ___ to ___
|
glucose... atp
sunlight ... glucose |
|
Smooth ER (no ribosomes) make ___ while rough ER make ____
|
Lipids, proteins
|
|
Prokaryotes DO NOT have (3) but do have (1)
|
ER, Mitochondria, Chloroplast
Cilia (called Pili in a prokaryote) |
|
_______ are totipotent
|
Stems cells
|
|
3 characteristics of the cell membrane
|
1. selectively permiable barrier
2. flexible and dynamic 3. promotes communication with other cells |
|
In the cell membrane, the phospholipid ____ are hydrophillic while the ____ are hydrophobic
|
heads
tails |
|
Use of cholesterol in the cell membrane
|
provides flexibility and protection (brittle cell walls would break during normal use)
|
|
Types of proteins in cell membrane
|
Transport proteins (selectively allow molecules to move in and our of cell)
Recognition proteins (flags that ID cell as "self") Enzymes (promote chemical reactions) Receptor proteins (provides a binding site for hormones and other molecules) Attatchment Proteins (attatch cells together) |
|
Many venoms contain _____ which destroys phospholipids
|
Phospholipases
|
|
All molecules pass through the cell membrane either through the _____ or the _____
|
Phospholipid bilayer, transport protein
|
|
When molecules move out for even spacing, this is called...
|
Diffusion (high areas of concentration to low areas of concentration until distrubution is equal)
|
|
Three kinds of diffusion
1____: Molecules diffuse across PL bilayer 2.___: Molecules muse travel through a transport protein 3.___: If molecule diffusing is water |
1. Simple Diffusion
2. Facilitated Diffusion 3. Osmosis |
|
Sometimes cells must use energy and proteins called "pumps" to move molecules against the concentration gradiant, this is called ____.
|
Active transport
|
|
Active transport is important and is ___-___% of our _____
|
30-40, metabolism
|
|
____ brings items into the cell while ____ expels items from the cell
|
Endocytosis, Exercytosis
|
|
Types of endocytosis:
1.____ - "drinking", liquids 2.____ - "eating", non-specific, large particles 3. ___ - Specific molecules" |
1. Pincytosis
2. Phagocytosis 3. receptor-mediated endocytosis |
|
Exocytosis expels particles from cells by packing them in ____
|
vesicles
|
|
___ energy is converted into ___ energy which it can then use to do work.
|
Potential, kinetic
|
|
All molecules contain potential energy in their ___
|
bonds
|
|
Exergonic equation:
|
Reactants in, Energy and products out
|
|
Endergonic equation:
|
Energy and reactants in, products out
|
|
____ reactions are used to build molecules. ____ reactions are used to breakdown molecules.
|
Endergonic, Exergonic
|
|
Phosphate group bonds are very high energy.
When ______ is removed, lots of energy is released at once. |
3rd phosphate.
|
|
Chemical reactions occur slowly without the help of ____.
|
Enzymes
|
|
Autotrophs do both _____ and _____
|
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration
|
|
Layers of cells that make up the central portion of the leaf
|
Mesophyll
|
|
____ is where photosynthesis occurs and is located inside the ____
|
Chloroplasts, mesophyll
|
|
Openings in the leaf that allow gases to move in and out
|
Stomata
|
|
The primary plant pigment is ____.
|
Chlorophyll
|
|
Three steps of cellular respiration
|
Glycolysis - Anaerobic
Cytsoplasm Kreb Cycle (aerobic) mitochindria Electron Transport Chain (aerobic) mitochondria |
|
Cellular respiration results in recharge of ______. Requires a constant influx of _____ and _____.
|
36 to 38 ATP
Glucose, oxygen |
|
Byproducts of Fermentation (2)
|
1. Lactic Acid
2. Ethanol and CO2 |