Bio Final

Front 1

What are the 7 characteristics of living things?

Back 1

Organized structure
(Composed of cells)
Maintain homeostasis
(Maintain constant body temperature)
Metabolism
(Consume food, produce energy)
Growth
Reproduction
(Produce offspring of same type, pass on parents genes)
Responses to stimuli or adaptations to the environment
(Rapidly pull hand away from hot stove (while yelping))
Ability to evolve
(Populations of organisms evolve in response to the environment)

Front 2

What is Lamarck's theory of evolution?

Back 2

1. Organisms evolved because they inherited acquired characteristics
-If you speak 5 languages, your children will be born with the ability to speak 5 languages as well
2. Also proposed law of use and disuse
-Organisms are modified during their lifetime through use and disuse of different parts

Front 3

What was Darwin & Wallace's proposal for the mechanism of evolution?

Back 3

Natural selection

Front 4

What are the 4 postulates for the mechanism of evolution?

Back 4

1. Variability in a population
2. Inheritance
3. Reproductive success
4. Natural selection

Front 5

What are the 4 main lines of evidence for evolution?

Back 5

1. Fossils
2. Comparative anatomy
3. Embryology
4. Biochemistry/genetics

Front 6

What are the 3 main lines of evidence for evolution?

Back 6

1. Artificial selection
2. Observation that it occurs in nature
3. Scientific experiments

Front 7

What are the sections of DNA that give an organism all of its traits?

Back 7

Genes

Front 8

Prokaryotes have one copy of every gene . What is it called?

Back 8

Haploid

Front 9

Eukaryotes have two copies of every gene (one from mom, one from dad). What is it called?

Back 9

Diploid

Front 10

For most genes there are multiple forms, called what?

Back 10

Alleles

Front 11

What are the alleles that an organism contains in its DNA (the genetic makeup)?

Back 11

Genotype

Front 12

What are those alleles that are expressed (what is seen)?

Back 12

Phenotype

Front 13

What has 2 of the same allele (one from mom + one from dad), and no choice for phenotype?

Back 13

Homozygous genotype

Front 14

What has 2 different alleles (one from mom + one from dad), but only one is expressed as phenotype?

Back 14

Heterozygous genotype

Front 15

All the genes in all the individuals of a population is called a?

Back 15

Gene pool

Front 16

What is the amount of a particular allele in a population?

Back 16

Allele frequency

Front 17

What happens if allele frequencies change from one generation to the next?

Back 17

The population is evolving

Front 18

What is a population where allele frequencies do not change over generations?

Back 18

Equilibrium population

Front 19

What are the results in random changes in allele frequencies?

Back 19

Genetic drift

Front 20

Where can genetic drift result in the complete loss of an allele in only a few generations?

Back 20

A very small population

Front 21

What are two causes of genetic drift?

Back 21

Population bottleneck and the founder effect

Front 22

What is a drastic reduction in population size brought about by a natural catastrophe or overhunting, which can rapidly change allele frequencies & reduce genetic variation?

Back 22

Population bottleneck

Front 23

What occurs when a small number of individuals leave a large population & establish a new isolated population?

Back 23

Founder effect

Front 24

In what 3 ways can natural selection and sexual selection influence populations (patterns of evolutionary change)?

Back 24

1. Directional selection
2. Stabilizing selection
3. Disruptive selection

Front 25

What favors individuals with an extreme-value trait?

Back 25

Directional selection

Front 26

What favors individuals with the average value of a trait?

Back 26

Stabilizing selection

Front 27

What favors individuals at both extremes of a trait?

Back 27

Disruptive selection

Front 28

What is a group of interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups referred to as?

Back 28

Species (the biological species concept)

Front 29

What are the limitations of the species concept?

Back 29

1. Based on ability to interbreed so can’t be used to determine species with asexual reproduction
-Bacteria, yeast
2. Often difficult to tell whether members of 2 different groups interbreed
-Especially with fossils

Front 30

What are those that prevent mating between species (5 kinds)?

Back 30

Premating isolation mechanisms

Front 31

What are those that prevent formation of healthy, fertile hybrids (3 kinds)?

Back 31

Postmaking isolation mechanisms

Front 32

(Premating isolating mechanisms) What prevents interbreeding because populations live in separate places; not absolute, may be able to breed when barrier is removed, and allows new species to form?
-Melting polar ice brought polar bears and grizzly bears closer

Back 32

Geographical isolation

Front 33

(Premating isolating mechanisms) What occurs when species don’t mate because they occupy different habitats (in the same area); these animals do not come into contact with one another?
-2 species of garter snakes
One lives on land, other in water. Never meet, therefore, never mate

Back 33

Ecological isolation

Front 34

(Premating isolating mechanisms) What occurs when species can’t interbreed because they breed at different times?
-Bishop pines pollinate in summer, & Monterey pines pollinate in early spring

Back 34

Temporal isolation

Front 35

(Premating isolating mechanisms) What occurs when species have different courtship & mating rituals/behaviors?
-Songs & plumage of male songbirds are species-specific
only attract females of the same species

Back 35

Behavioral isolation

Front 36

(Premating isolating mechanisms) What occurs when species can’t mate because their reproductive structures are incompatible; in animals with internal fertilization, male & female sex organs may not fit together?
-Snails of species with left-handed spiral shells may be unable to mate with right-handed spiral snails

Back 36

Mechanical incompatibility

Front 37

(Postmating isolating mechanisms) What occurs when sperm from one species can’t fertilize eggs of another?
-fluids of the female reproductive tract may weaken or kill sperm of another species
Prevent the germination of pollen from one species that lands on the flower of another species (in plants)

Back 37

Gametic incompatibility

Front 38

(Postmating isolating mechanisms) What occurs when hybrid offspring fail to survive to maturity (parents mate, hybrid offspring die); may abort early in development or die shortly after birth; displays behaviors that are mixtures of the 2 parental types?

Back 38

Hybrid inviability

Front 39

(Postmating isolating mechanisms) What occurs when hybrid offspring are sterile or have reduced fertility (hybrid lives, but can’t reproduce)?
-mule hybrids (a cross between a horse & a donkey) are sterile

Back 39

Hybrid infertility

Front 40

What is the process by which new species form?

Back 40

Speciation

Front 41

What are 2 factors of speciation?

Back 41

1. The isolation of populations
-prevents gene flow, populations remain dissimilar
2. Genetic divergence of populations must occur
-driven by genetic drift or natural selection

Front 42

What are 2 ways in which speciation can occur?

Back 42

1. Allopatric speciation
-Populations are geographically separated from each other
-More common
2. Sympatric speciation
-Populations live in the same geographic area

Front 43

What is life arose from non-life referred to as?
-Maggots=decaying meat, Microbes=broth, and Mice=grain

Back 43

Spontaneous generation

Front 44

Who disproved the maggots-from-meat idea by keeping flies away from uncontaminated meat with jars?

Back 44

Francesco Redi

Front 45

Who disproved the maggots-from-meat idea by keeping flies away from uncontaminated meat with jars?

Back 45

Louis Pasteur

Front 46

What is the gradual selection of molecules?

Back 46

Prebiotic chemical evolution

Front 47

What were the first scientific attempts to explain origin of life?

Back 47

Alexander Oparin & John Haldane

Front 48

What were Alexander Oparin & John Haldane's contributions?

Back 48

-No O2 on early Earth, but other gases present (hydrogen, methane, etc.)
-Lots of volcanic & electrical activity
-High UV rays (no O2 = no ozone)
-Repeated meteorite strikes

Front 49

Who mimicked the conditions of early Earth in the laboratory to see if organic molecules would form;
mixed gases that existed in early lifeless environment, and added electrical discharge to simulate lightning?

Back 49

Miller & Urey's experiment

Front 50

What became the precursors for the formation of life?

Back 50

Complex molecules

Front 51

What explains the formation of mitochondria and chloroplasts inside eukaryotic cells?

Back 51

Endosymbiosis hypothesis

Front 52

What is the science of naming and classifying organisms?

Back 52

Taxonomy

Front 53

According to the scientific naming rules, all organisms have a two part name composed of?

Back 53

A genus and a species

Front 54

What is a group that includes a number of very close related species?

Back 54

Genus

Front 55

What is a group of organism that are reproductively isolated from other such groups (within the same genus)?

Back 55

Species

Front 56

What are the three domains of life?

Back 56

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Front 57

Arrange the order of increasing size: bacteria, viruses, eukaryotes

Back 57

Viruses, bacteria, eukaryotic cell

Front 58

What are the four eukaryotic kingdoms?

Back 58

Animalia (animals)
Plantae
Fungi
Protists (eukaryotic organisms that are not animals, plants, or fungi)

Front 59

Bacteria and Archaea together form a group organisms called?

Back 59

Prokaryotes

Front 60

What are some major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Back 60

Prokaryotes are everywhere. They have no nucleus, organelles, and prokaryotes are unicellular

Front 61

What bacteria grows together in the form of a "film" or layer on a surface?

Back 61

Biofilm

Front 62

How do biofilms form?

Back 62

Communities of slim-secreting bacteria attached to a surface; some bacteria secret sticky layers of polysaccharide or protein slime- allows them to "stick" to surfaces

Front 63

What protective structures produced by rod-shaped bacteria allow bacteria to withstand adverse conditions?

Back 63

Endosprores

Front 64

True or False: Endospores are reproductive structures formed by bacteria?

Back 64

False

Front 65

What are thickly wrapped particles of genetic material and a few enzymes that can be stored for long periods of time and survive transport and dispersal methods, and once inhaled or ingested can cause damage or death?

Back 65

Endospores

Front 66

When a single replicates its DNA (single strand & plasmids), then divides in half, from asexual cell division (produce identical copies) is?

Back 66

Binary fission

Front 67

How do prokaryotes exchange genetic material without reproducing; allowing for plasmid DNA transfer between donor and recipient?

Back 67

Conjugation

Front 68

True or False: Conjugation can even occur between two different species of bacteria?

Back 68

True

Front 69

How do archaea differ from bacteria?

Back 69

Both are unicellular
Bacteria have peptidoglycan, archaea don’t
No pathogenic archaea identified so far
Archaea have different cell membrane lipids than bacteria
Archaeal cellular enzymes are similar to those in eukaryotes

Front 70

What are some characteristics of viruses?

Back 70

Not a cell (no cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles), hereditary material is either DNA or RNA surrounded by a layer of protein (capsid), and multiply inside host using host machinery

Front 71

A basic virus is composed of?

Back 71

Capsid and nucleic acid

Front 72

Some viruses may have a?

Back 72

Lipid layer

Front 73

What only occurs inside a host cell, where virus particles are made in only one host cell?

Back 73

Virus replication

Front 74

What is a plant virus that consists only of single stranded RNA (lacks capsid)?
Ex. Avacado sunblotch, Cucumber pale fruit disease, Potato spindle tuber disease

Back 74

Viroid

Front 75

What do viroids contain?

Back 75

Single stranded RNA

Front 76

What is a infectious protein that lacks nucleic acids?
Ex. (Humans) Kuru — fatal degenerative disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and (Livestock) Bovine spongiform encephalophathy, Scrapie

Back 76

Prion

Front 77

What do prions contain?

Back 77

Proteins

Front 78

Protists that have to ingest their food are called?

Back 78

Heterotrophs (ex. protozoa)

Front 79

Protists that perform photosynthesis are called?

Back 79

Autotrophs (ex. algae)

Front 80

Photosynthesis in protists occurs in organelles called?

Back 80

Chloroplasts

Front 81

What do predatory protists use to engulf their prey?

Back 81

Pseudopods

Front 82

Protists generally use asexual reproduction and may switch what reproduction under stressful conditions?

Back 82

Sexual reproduction

Front 83

How do protists benefits other organisms?

Back 83

Capture solar energy and make it available to other organisms in the ecosystem, Release oxygen, and Serve as a food source

Front 84

What are some characteristics of protists?

Back 84

Unicellular eukaryotes (some are multicellular), microscopic in size, and can be terrestrial or aquatic

Front 85

What are protists types of nutrition?

Back 85

Ingest food (heterotrophic)
Absorb nutrients from their surroundings (heterotrophic)
Photosynthesis (autotrophic)

Front 86

Which protist nutrition use pseudopods (false feet) to engulf prey, create tiny currents to sweep food in mouth-like openings, and contain food in a membrane-surrounded food vacuole for digestion?

Back 86

Protists that ingest food

Front 87

Which protist nutrion have free-living types in the soil that decompose organic dead matter, and parasites that live inside the bodies of other organisms, sometimes harming the host?

Back 87

Protists that absorb nutrients from their surroundings

Front 88

Which protist nutrition are found in oceans, lakes, and ponds, and have photosynthesis take place in the chloroplasts?

Back 88

Autotrophic protists (algae)

Front 89

What are some pro's of protists?

Back 89

Photosynthetic marine protists (algae)
Capture solar energy making it available for others
Release oxygen gas
Serve as food source (seaweed, plankton)
Commercial uses
Used to solidify culture medium for microbiology

Front 90

What are some con's of protists?

Back 90

Many are human parasites
Also cause plant diseases
Marine protists cause ecological damage

Front 91

How do protists reproduce?

Back 91

Most reproduce asexually (mitotic division), where two individuals (no gender) exchange genetic material to form an offspring (genetically different from parents)

Front 92

What are some characteristics of plants?

Back 92

Cell walls (made of cellulose), Multicellular, Photosynthetic (-Trap solar energy and convert it into food, -Serve as nutrient source for non-photosynthetic organisms) Use sexual reproduction
(-The male gamete (sperm) fuses with female gamete (egg) to make embryo, -Embryos are protected & nourished inside the parent plant, -Not seen in closest relatives to plants, green algae)
Alternation of generations

Front 93

What kind of plants require a wet environment to reproduce, similar to amphibians, and have gravity and lack of water for solutions?

Back 93

Nonvascular plants

Front 94

What kind of plants can grow on land, in dry areas, and usually have all the solutions?

Back 94

Vascular plants

Front 95

What are some characteristics of nonvascular plants?

Back 95

They lack true roots, stems, or leaves, have rhizoids (root-like anchoring structures), small size (most are less than 2.5 cm tall)-1. rely on slow diffusion or poorly developed conducting tissues to distribute water and other nutrients 2. no lignin (stiffening agent) in cell walls

Front 96

(Nonvascular) What are some characteristics of hornworts?

Back 96

-Their sporophytes grow upward from the gametophyte
-Generally have a spiky shape that appears hornlike

Front 97

(Nonvascular) What are some characteristics of liverworts?

Back 97

Certain species have a lobed form reminiscent of a liver, palm-like structures are females holding eggs, sperm must swim through water to fertilize eggs

Front 98

(Nonvascular) What are some characteristics of mosses?

Back 98

Mosses are the most diverse, some have a waterproof coating that retains moisture- allows growth in drier areas like the desert or on rocks, and accumulations of dead mosses form peat, which is used as fuel

Front 99

What are some characteristics of vascular plants?

Back 99

-Specialized conducting cells
-Lignin
-Seedless plants (Ferns)
-Seed plants (Gymnosperms, Angiosperms)

Front 100

(Vascular) What are some characteristics of ferns?

Back 100

-Swimming sperm (require water for reproduction)
-Do not produce seeds: propagate by spores
-Generally small (only a few inches to feet in height)
-Most diverse among seedless vascular plants
-Only vascular plant to have broad leaves

Front 101

What do vascular plants produce?

Back 101

Pollen and seeds

Front 102

What kind of plant lacks flowers?

Back 102

Gymnosperms

Front 103

What are all flowering plants considered?

Back 103

Angiosperms

Front 104

What are some characteristics of the pollen in vascular seed plants?

Back 104

-Tiny grains carrying sperm producing cells
-Dispersed by wind (sperm do not require water to fertilize egg)
Sperm and egg fuse to make an embryo (seed)

Front 105

What are some characteristics of the seed in vascular seed plants?

Back 105

Comprised of 3 parts:
-Embryonic sporophyte plant
-Food supply for the embryo
-A protective outer coat

Front 106

What are some characteristics of gymnosperms?

Back 106

-Nonflowering seed plants
-Evolved earlier than flowering plants
-First fully terrestrial plants to evolve
-Currently four groups of gymnosperms: ginkgoes, cycads, conifers, and gnetophytes

Front 107

What are some characteristics of angiosperms?

Back 107

-Flowering seed plants (produce flowers and fruits)
-Are the most diverse and widespread of all plants with more than 230,000 species
-3 adaptations explain their dominance (flowers, fruits, and broad leaves)

Front 108

What are some characteristics of fungi?

Back 108

Eukaryotes
Most are multicellular (yeast are unicellular)
Decomposers
Cell walls made of chitin
Non-motile

Front 109

What are parasites that cause considerable damage to grain crops?

Back 109

Rusts and smuts (e.g. corn smut)

Front 110

How can fungi destroy plant material that has been harvested for human use?

Back 110

e.g. some molds& mildews cause wooden structures to rot
e.g. some secrete enzymes that damage cotton and wool fabrics

Front 111

Athlete's foot, jock itch, & ringworm are cause by what type of fungi?

Back 111

That attack the skin

Front 112

What yeast are most vaginal infections caused by?

Back 112

Candida albicans

Front 113

Valley fever & histoplasmosis are caused by what type of fungi?

Back 113

That attack the lungs (occurs when the victim inhales spores)

Front 114

How are many antibiotics derived from fungi?

Back 114

e.g. Penicillin is produced by a mold
e.g. Cyclosporin (fungi used to suppress immune response after organ transplants)

Front 115

How do some fungi benefit agriculture?

Back 115

-Some fungal parasites are used to control insect pests such as termites, etc.
-Certain fungi attack mosquitoes which transmit malaria
-Wild cultivated mushrooms, like morels and truffles are highly prized
-Certain molds impart flavor to cheeses (Roquefort, Camembert, Stilton, Gorgonzola)

Front 116

What are some key features of animals?

Back 116

Multicellular, no cell wall, obtain energy by consuming other organisms (heterotrophs), most reproduce sexually, they are motile at some point in the life cycle, and they are able to respond rapidly to external stimuli

Front 117

What are a group of similar cells that come together to perform a common function?

Back 117

Tissues

Front 118

What are the only modern animals that lack tissue?

Back 118

Sponges

Front 119

T or F: Symmetry is only in animals with tissues?

Back 119

True

Front 120

Which animals can be divided into roughly equal halves by any plane that passes through the central axis? (ie. jellyfish, coral, anemones)

Back 120

Radial symmetry

Front 121

Which animals can be divided into mirror-image halves, division is only along one plane that runs down the midline; usually a defined head?

Back 121

Bilateral symmetry

Front 122

Which phyla is found in most marine & aquatic environments, have a variety of sizes and shapes, only motile as embryos, but some adult can move a few mm a day using cilia (includes sponges)?

Back 122

Phylum Porifera

Front 123

What are some characteristics of sponges?

Back 123

-Lack true tissues and organs
-Body is perforated by tiny pores (water passes through the pores so each can extract oxygen and nutrients)
-Composed of multiple single cells that live together for mutual benefit
-Each type of cell has a specialized function (nutrition, reproduction)

Front 124

Which phyla have the most diverse and abundant animals on the planet, that include: insects (moths, butterflies, ants, bees, beetles-1/3 of insects), arachnids (spiders, scorpions, ticks-predatory carnivores), myriapods (centipede, millipede-many legs), and crustaceans (crabs, lobster, shrimp, barnacle-aquatic)?

Back 124

Phylum Arthropoda

Front 125

What are some characteristics of the phylum arthropoda?

Back 125

-Have an exoskeleton (outside the body)-protects against predators, provides waterproof covering, and exoskeleton must be molted (shed) periodically to allow animal to grow, -Nervous system has a brain & nerves that run throughout the body, -Finely coordinated movement & complex behavior, -Possess well developed sensory structures (eg. compound eyes)

Front 126

What are some characteristics of insects?

Back 126

-Only vertebrates that can fly
-Undergo a process called metamorphosis (radical change from a juvenile body to adult body, juvenile form is worm-like; called larvae)
-Bombardier beetle produces a hot, toxic spray that protects the beetle from ants and other predators

Front 127

Which phyla are exclusively marine, have hedgehog skin, and include sea urchins, starfish, sea cucumbers, sand dollars, and sea lilies?

Back 127

Phylum Echinodermata

Front 128

What are some characteristics of the phylum echinodermata?

Back 128

-Larvae exhibit bilateral symmetry; show radial symmetry
-Possess an endoskeleton (internal skeleton)
-Have a primitive nervous system with no distinct brain
-Many are able to regenerate lost body parts (e.g. parts of a sea star are able to form a whole animal)

Front 129

What are some benefits of invertebrates?

Back 129

-Food sources (crab, shrimp, insects, etc)
-Pollinators (bees, butterflies, etc)
-Decomposers (beetles, millipedes, ants, slugs, etc)

Front 130

What are some medical uses of invertebrates?

Back 130

-Leeches in reconstructive surgery remove excess blood & promote blood flow, -Blowfly maggots rid wounds & ulcers of dying tissue that interferes with healing or causes infection, -Some sponges contain useful chemicals, -Drug spongistatin treats fungal infections of AID patients, - Eribulin may treat breast cancer from the Halichondria sponge

Front 131

What are some harm that invertebrates can cause?

Back 131

-Tapeworm infect improperly cooked beef, pork or fish, -Worms attach to the lining of the intestine & can grow more than 20ft, -Release eggs that are shed in the host feces continuing the infective life cycle, -Hookworm larvae bore into human feet, travel to the intestine, and cause continuous bleeding, -Heartworms transmit to cats & dogs by the bite of an infected mosquito

Front 132

What are some continuing harms that invertebrates can cause?

Back 132

-Some arachnids, spiders, and scorpions inject paralyzing venom into prey
-Ticks and mosquitoes can spread Lyme disease, and malaria
-Some insects, scorpions, and ants can sting or bite which could be dangerous for those with allergies

Front 133

What varies in size from microscopic sea squirts to whales more than 100ft long, have a flexible supporting rod (notochord), hollow dorsal nerve cord, gill groves or slits, and a tail?

Back 133

Chordate

Front 134

What is a stiff flexible rod extending the length of the body, may only appear during embryonic development (e.g. humans-provides support for body & muscles)

Back 134

Notochord

Front 135

What lies above the digestive tract, and the front part of it forms the brain?

Back 135

Nerve cord

Front 136

What is located in the pharynx (behind the mouth), eventually forms gills, and may only appear as grooves during embryonic development?

Back 136

Pharyngeal gill slits

Front 137

What is the chordate tail that extends past the anus, contains muscle tissue, and may only appear during embryonic development (humans)?

Back 137

Post-anal tail

Front 138

T or F: Key chordate features are best seen during embryonic development?

Back 138

True

Front 139

Only the nerve cord is retained in adults, so what do we end up losing?

Back 139

Notochord, gill slits, tail

Front 140

What is a group that includes all of the organisms descended from a common ancestor?

Back 140

Clade

Front 141

What clades make up the chordates?

Back 141

Lancelets, tunicates, and craniates (hagfishes)

Front 142

What are invertebrate marine filter-feeders, small fish-like, retain all 4 chordate features as adults, live half-buried in the sand with only the front end of their bodies exposed, and food particles are drawn into the mouth?

Back 142

Lancelets

Front 143

What are also invertebrate marine filter-feeders, that include sea squirts, and larvae are motile & exhibit key chordate features?

Back 143

Tunicates

Front 144

What includes all chordates with a skull enclosing a brain, and includes hagfishes: invertebrates, and vertebrates: embryonic notochord is replaced by a backbone (or vertebral column)?

Back 144

Craniates

Front 145

What lack jaws, feed primarily on worms, secrete massive quantities of slime as a defense against predators, and lack a true backbone (but have a brain & braincase)

Back 145

Hagfishes

Front 146

What are some vertebrate adaptations?

Back 146

Internal skeleton: can grow & repair itself
Jaws: allow animals to eat a much wider range of food
Paired appendages: help stabilize movement (e.g. fins, legs, wings)
Brain complexity: allow animals to perceive the environment in more detail & allow better responses to stimuli

Front 147

What live in both fresh and salt water, jawless (like hagfishes)-a round sucker that surround the mouth, and some parasitize fish (will attach to host with a sucker-like mouth, has teeth on its tongue which are used to create holes to suck blood and bodily fluids, and are an invasion of great lakes?

Back 147

Lampreys

Front 148

What are marine animals, including sharks & rays, possess jaws and a cartilaginous skeleton, and their body is protected by a leathery skin embedded with tiny scales?

Back 148

Cartilaginous fishes

Front 149

What are the most diverse & abundant vertebrates that include regular fish & eels, bony fish found in freshwater and marine habitats, distinguished by the structure of their fins (formed by webs of skin, supported by boney spines), worldwide human food source, reduced by 10% populations have declined due to overfishing?

Back 149

Ray-finned fishes

Front 150

What include coelacanths and lungfishes, have fleshy round fins that contain bones surrounded by a thick layer of muscle, and some of these fins help drag fish over land (gave rise to the first vertebrates on land: amphibians)?

Back 150

Lobe-finned fiishes

Front 151

What lobe-finned fish have gills, lungs, and some even survive when water dries up by burrowing into mud?

Back 151

Lungfish

Front 152

What includes frogs, toads, and salamanders, is greek for "double life", begin life adapted to water, mature into semi-terrestrial adults with lungs (most respire through lungs/moist skin), most have 4 limbs, skin must be kept moist to avoid desiccation when out of water, 1st transition to land, but have aquatic egg/larval stages?

Back 152

Amphibians

Front 153

What respire exclusively through lungs, adapted for life on land, more efficient lungs than amphibians , skeleton provides better support & more efficient movement on land, and include lizards, snakes, alligators, turtles, crocodiles, and birds?

Back 153

Reptiles

Front 154

What are three adaptations that allow reptiles to live on land?

Back 154

-Tough scaly skin: protects the body & resists water loss
-Internal fertilization: male deposits sperm in the female body
-Shelled amniotic egg: encases the embryo in a liquid-filled membrane, preventing it from drying out on land

Front 155

What are a distinctive group of reptiles by their feathers, retain scales on their legs, are adapted for flight (-provide lift, control, and insulation, -nervous system provides coordination, balance, and acute eyesight), and are warm-blooded (endothermic), unlike all other cold-blooded reptiles (exothermic)?

Back 155

Birds

Front 156

What are most that have legs for running rather than crawling, have sweat, scent, and sebaceous (oil-producing) glands (not found in other vertebrates), and brain is highly developed (-unparalleled curiosity & learning ability, can alter behavior on experience=learn , and have extended parental care after birth)?

Back 156

Mammals

Front 157

What is any observable activity of a living animal?

Back 157

Behavior

Front 158

What is the study of animal behavior?

Back 158

Ethology

Front 159

What are some example of behavior?

Back 159

-Moths fly to a light
-Bluebirds sing, wolves howl
-Humans dance, play sports & wage war
-Cats stalk mice

Front 160

What form of behavior is usually genetically-based (nature)?

Back 160

Innate behavior

Front 161

What form of behavior is usually environment-based (nurture)?

Back 161

Learned behavior

Front 162

What kind of behavior can be performed without prior experience, performed to completion the first time (animal is at the right age, and correct motivational state encounters a particular stimulus), and the behavior appears even if it never been taught this behavior?

Back 162

Innate behavior

Front 163

What kind of behavior requires experience (e.g. the process by which a human learns language, and a cougar teaching her babies how to hunt)?

Back 163

Learned behavior

Front 164

What are types of learned behavior?

Back 164

-Habituation
-Conditioning (classical and operant conditioning)
-Insight learning

Front 165

What is a a decline in response to a repeated stimulus, this ability prevents an animal from wasting its energy and attention on irrelevant stimuli (e.g. sea anemone will retract its tentacles when touched, but will stop if done frequently, and over time humans get accustomed with sounds they're not used to)?

Back 165

Habituation

Front 166

What is a learned association between a stimulus and a response?

Back 166

Conditioning

Front 167

What is it when an animal learns to perform a response, normally cause by one stimulus, to a new stimulus (i.e. Pavolv's dogs)?

Back 167

Classical conditioning

Front 168

What allows animals to learn behaviors to receive awards or to avoid punishments, a learning technique often used to train animals, trial-and-error learning is one type (new and appropriate responses to stimuli are acquired through experience), e.g. food that taste good/bad (food that makes you sick); if a toad captures a bee and is stung, it'll learn to avoid encounters with bees ?

Back 168

Operant conditioning

Front 169

What is problem solving without trial and error, animals can solve certain problems without prior experience, done by mentally manipulating concepts (requires high level of intelligence), e.g. making tools (humans and chimpanzees do this)?

Back 169

Insight learning

Front 170

What is a signal by one organism that causes another organism to change its behavior; exchange of information?

Back 170

Communication

Front 171

What kind of communication are most effective over short distances, and specific movements (or static images) convey a message?

Back 171

Visual displays

Front 172

What kind of communication is effective over longer distances (conveyed by variations in sound pattern, volume, and pitch; can attract predators), e.g. sheep can tell each other apart by the different sounds they produce, and dogs bark or whine to convey emotions?

Back 172

Communication by sound

Front 173

What kind of communication persists over long periods of time, can influence others behavior of the same species; which are called pheromones?

Back 173

Chemical communication

Front 174

What are some characteristics of pheromones?

Back 174

-Not detectable by other species (don't attract predators)
-Act as a sign post, persisting over time, marking animal boundaries
-Can cause immediate change in the behavior of the detecting animal (e.g.. foraging termites detect food and leave trail of pheromones for other to follow)

Front 175

What kind of communication helps establish and maintain bonds, especially in humans and primates, gestures include kissing, nuzzling, patting, petting, grooming, etc, important to human development and well-being that cements the bond btw parent and offspring, and also be a prelude to sexual activity (land snails)?

Back 175

Touch

Front 176

The difference between births and deaths =?

Back 176

Natural increase in a population

Front 177

The difference between immigration and emigration =?

Back 177

Net migration in a population

Front 178

What are two factors that affect birth and death rates?

Back 178

Biotic potential, and environmental resistance

Front 179

What is the theoretical maximum increase in a population? (maximum birth rate and minimum death rate)

Back 179

Biotic potential

Front 180

What limits population growth due to environmental factors? (available resources, predators, parasites, natural disasters etc.)

Back 180

Environmental resistance

Front 181

What factors affect biotic potential?

Back 181

-Age at which the organism reproduces
-Frequency of reproduction
-Average number of offspring produced each time
-Length of reproductive life span
-The death rate of individuals must remain less than the birth rate, total population size will continue to increase (may take longer)

Front 182

What is the maximum population size that can be sustained by an ecosystem?

Back 182

Carrying capacity

Front 183

T or F: If the increase in population size is above the carrying capacity, growth will halt?

Back 183

True

Front 184

What two factors generate environmental resistance?

Back 184

-Density-dependent
-Density-independent

Front 185

What is more efficient at limiting population size with an increase in population density?

Back 185

Density-dependent

Front 186

What limits population size regardless of the population density?

Back 186

Density-independent

Front 187

Density-dependent factors occur due to?

Back 187

-Predation
-Parasitism
-Competition

Front 188

What becomes important as prey populations grow (helps control prey population), predator populations often grow as prey becomes abundant, number of offspring produced is determined by the abundance of prey (little to no offspring in the absence of prey)?

Back 188

Predation

Front 189

What live inside a host feeding on it (harm or sometimes kill), most cannot travel long distances (spread better among dense populations), and influence population size by: weakening their host, and making them more susceptible to death from other causes?

Back 189

Parasitism

Front 190

What is competing for limited resources (food, water, nutrients, nesting sites, sunlight, etc.)?

Back 190

Competition

Front 191

Which form of competition is between individuals of the same species?

Back 191

Intraspecies competition

Front 192

Which form of competition is between individuals of different species?

Back 192

Interspecies competition

Front 193

Density-independent factors limit population size by?

Back 193

-Habitat destruction by human activities
-Use of pesticides
-Natural disasters
-(all limit population growth regardless of population density)

Front 194

What are some types of community interactions?

Back 194

Competition, predation, parasitism, and mutualism

Front 195

Why are community interactions important?

Back 195

-Control population size (density-dependent control)
-Maintain resources in balance with population size
-Act as agents of natural selection (coevolution)

Front 196

What's each species unique habitat + role of the organism in that ecosystem?

Back 196

Ecological niche

Front 197

What is the increase overlap between the ecological niches of 2 species, increase the competition, and both competing species are harmed?

Back 197

Interspecies competition

Front 198

During interspecific competition adaptation reduces this competition, 2 species coevolve to occupy smaller niches than they would without competition, and allow individuals to grow and reproduce more efficiently (less competition), is an example of?

Back 198

Resource partitioning

Front 199

What is competition between members of the same species, more intense than interspecific competition, and limits amount of resources (selects for individuals who are better equipped to acquire the limited resource)?

Back 199

Intraspecies competition

Front 200

What is an interaction between predator and prey?

Back 200

Predation

Front 201

What are different types of predation?

Back 201

-Counteracting behaviors
-Camouflage
-Bright colors
-Mimicry
-Chemical warfare

Front 202

Bats use echolocation to locate their prey (emit short pulses of high pitched sound). Moths have evolved ears that are sensitive to the pitches used by bats and fly erratically when they hear a bat. As a result, bats changed the frequency of their sound pulses, is an ex of?

Back 202

Counteracting behavior

Front 203

What helps conceal both predator and prey, disguises that resemble their surroundings (leaves, tree bark, twigs), usually remain motionless (to hide from predator or ambush unsuspected prey). Ex. some plants resemble rocks to avoid predation?

Back 203

Camouflage

Front 204

What is used to warn off predators, and indicative of poisons, toxins, bad taste (ex. poison dart frog)?

Back 204

Bright colors

Front 205

What is how members of one species have evolved to resemble another species, two or more distasteful species may benefit from a shared warning coloration pattern, and predators only need one distasteful experience to learn to avoid all with that color pattern?

Back 205

Mimicry

Front 206

What refers to the toxins produced by spiders, scorpions, snakes, and beetles used to deter predators, and paralyze prey? (Ex. plants produce distasteful and toxic chemicals to deter herbivores, at least one insect feeds on every toxic plant to defend against their own predators)

Back 206

Chemical warfare

Front 207

Which interaction do parasites live inside a host (harm and sometimes kill the host), beneficial to keep its host alive, and generally smaller than the host (tapeworm, fleas, ticks, bacteria, viruses, protists), and act as agents of natural selection on one another?

Back 207

Parasitism

Front 208

What is where both interacting species benefit, many are long-term, symbiotic associations (lichen=fungi+photosynthetic algae/bacteria); fungi provide shelter, photosynthetic partner provides food?

Back 208

Mutualism

Front 209

1.) Bacteria in your intestines (bacteria have a comfortable place to live while synthesizing your vitamin K 2.) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live on the roots of legumes (soy, alfalfa); bacteria provide the plant with N, and get food in return, are example of?

Back 209

Mutualism

Front 210

What is a particular species that plays a major role in determining community structure; plays a major role regardless of its abundance, and holds the community together? (ex. overfishing of lobster resulted in an increase in the sea urchin population, sea urchin feed on algae, as a result the algal population was reduced)

Back 210

Keystone species

Front 211

What happens if you remove the keystone species from a community?

Back 211

-Normal community interactions are altered
-Changes the relative abundance of other species in the community

Front 212

How do energy and nutrients move through ecosystems?

Back 212

1.) Nutrients constantly cycle & recycle within and among ecosystems (carbon, nitrogen, water, etc)
2.) Energy moves through ecosystems in a continuous one-way flow (many kinds of every: light, heat, chemical bonds; one-way= from sun to Earth, through an ecosystem and lost back to atmosphere as heat, and energy is not recycled: must be replenished by the sun)

Front 213

How does energy flow through ecosystems?

Back 213

Sun converts hydrogen into helium (small amount of matter into enormous quantities of energy), a tiny fraction of this energy reaches Earth in the form of electromagnetic waves (heat, light, and ultraviolet (UV) energy

Front 214

What organisms make their own food using solar energy (photosynthesis); autotrophs?

Back 214

Producers

Front 215

What organisms cannot photosynthesize, and acquire energy and nutrients from molecules in the bodies of other organisms?

Back 215

Consumers

Front 216

What is the energy that producers store and make available to other members of the community over a period of time?

Back 216

Net primary production (NPP)

Front 217

What are the five different categories where energy is being passed through producers & consumers?

Back 217

Trophic levels

Front 218

Which level are producers (photosynthetic, autotrophic; get their energy from the sun)?

Back 218

1st trophic level

Front 219

Which level are primary consumers; herbivores that feed directly on producers (e.g. mice, zebra, grasshoppers, etc)?

Back 219

2nd trophic level

Front 220

Which level are secondary consumers; carnivores that eat herbivores (or primary consumers)?

Back 220

3rd trophic level

Front 221

Which level are tertiary consumers; carnivores that eat carnivores (or secondary consumers) (e.g. spiders, hawks, cheetah, and salmon are higher-level consumers)

Back 221

4th trophic level

Front 222

Which level are quaternary consumers; usually "apex" predators at the top of the food chain?

Back 222

5th trophic level

Front 223

What shows the actual feeding relationships in an ecosystem; includes many interconnecting food chains?

Back 223

Food web

Front 224

What live on dead organic matter; the bodies of other organisms, fallen leaves, fruit, and waste (ex. mites, earthworms, protist, worms, centipedes, some insects, snails, and vultures)?

Back 224

Detritus feeders

Front 225

What digest food on the outside of their bodies by secreting digestive enzymes; primarily consist in fungi and bacteria; absorb only needed nutrients, leaving the rest for other organisms?

Back 225

Decomposers

Front 226

What is the net energy transfer between trophic levels being roughly 10% efficient?

Back 226

10% law

Front 227

-Toxic chemicals become increasingly concentrated in the bodies of animals at higher & higher trophic levels
-Mercury taken up by producers can accumulate & become highly concentrated in carnivores such as swordfish
-Dangerous in long-lived animals, such as humans, because toxic substances accumulate & build up over the lifespan, are all examples of?

Back 227

Biological magnification

Front 228

C02 and several greenhouse gases (methane) trap some of this heat in the atmosphere, what is this natural process called?

Back 228

Greenhouse effect

Front 229

What indicates that human activities have amplified the natural greenhouse effect? (as greenhouse gas levels rise, more heat is retained than is radiated back into space, causing the Earth to warm)

Back 229

Global warming

Front 230

What are 4 requirements for life?

Back 230

1. Nutrients to build tissue
2. Energy to conduct metabolic activities
3. Availability of liquid water for metabolic reactions to occur
4. Favorable temperatures to carry out all of these functions

Front 231

Which biome has constant high temperatures and rainfall, has the highest biodiversity (total number of species within a region), has several layers of vegetation, most animals live in trees, soil does't have nutrients to support growth of consumers (all nutrients trapped in vegetation, and very intense competition for nutrients on the ground)

Back 231

Tropical rain forests

Front 232

What is the human impact on tropical rain forests?

Back 232

Agriculture can degrade soil quickly (nutrients eroded away by heavy rain), and trees cut for lumber and ranching (contribute to 25% of C02 released in the atmosphere; exacerbates global warming)

Front 233

Which biome is defined by their lack of water than by their temperatures (annual rainfall is 10 in. or less), found on every continent, widely spaced vegetation and large areas of bare ground?

Back 233

Deserts

Front 234

What is the human impact on deserts?

Back 234

Impact can last centuries due to slow-growing nature of desert plants, and have resulted in desertification

Front 235

What is the process by which relatively dry, drought-prone regions are converted to deserts by drought coupled with overuse of the land?

Back 235

Desertification

Front 236

Which biome has a continuous cover of grass and no trees expect along rivers, and is the most endangered ecosystem (only 1% remains)?

Back 236

Grassland (Prairie)

Front 237

What is the human impact on the grassland?

Back 237

Nearly all tall grass prairies have been plowed for agriculture, bison, prairie dogs, and bobcats endangered due to ranching and growing town boundaries

Front 238

Which biome is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth, conditions are very harsh (long, cold winters and short growing seasons), cone-berring trees are dominant, breeding ground for many North American birds, and includes many large mammals?

Back 238

Taiga

Front 239

What is the human impact on the taiga?

Back 239

Clear-cutting for paper making and construction

Front 240

Which biome is referred to as a freezing desert, permanently frozen layer of soil about 2 ft below the surface (permafrost), trees cannot survive, and when the soil thaws turns into a huge marsh?

Back 240

Tundra

Front 241

What is the human impact on the tundra?

Back 241

Very fragile, and localized around oil-drilling sites, pipelines, mines, and military bases

Front 242

Where is life restricted to the more shallow areas (too deep for plants to anchor, and the food chain dependent on microscopic plankton)?

Back 242

Open ocean

Front 243

What is the human impact on open oceans?

Back 243

-Pollution (dumping by ocean vessels, oil spills, and agricultural runoff)
-Overfishing has caused fish to be harvested in unsustainable numbers

Front 244

What is the human impact on freshwater lakes?

Back 244

-Pollution carried into lakes from farms, feedlots, sewage, and suburban lawns disrupt community interactions
-Lake Erie once suffered sever pollution from phosphate -based detergents & farm runoff

Front 245

Where is soil covered or saturated with water, many aquatic and some terrestrial plant species live there, and act as giant sponges, absorbing water and then gradually releasing it into rivers (safeguards against flooding/erosion, and filters water)?

Back 245

Wetlands

Front 246

What is the human impact on wetlands?

Back 246

-Drained and filled for agriculture, housing, and commercial uses (water more susceptible to pollutants, reduces wildlife habitats, and increase severity of floods)

Front 247

Where are complex formations that have accumulated over thousands of years, most abundant in tropical waters, and are referred to as the "ocean's rain forests"?

Back 247

Coral reefs

Front 248

What is the human impact on coral reefs?

Back 248

-Runoff from farming, agriculture, logging and construction carries silt, reducing sunlight and oxygen (harms photosynthetic organisms and hinders coral growth)