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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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B-cell response
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b-cell to plasma cells to antibodies to memory cells
heavy chains-long light chain- short |
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Activity of antibody
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unite with, immobilize, call attention to, or neutralize the antigen for which it was formed
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Opsonization in antibody
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process which microorganisms or other particles are coated with specific antibodies so that they will be more recognized by phagocytes
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Opsonin
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stimulate opsonization
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Neutralization of Antibody
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coat virus with antibodies and can't bind to target/host cell
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Complement fixation of antibody
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complement kills target cell and increases phagocytosis
Lysin or cytolysin |
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agglutination of antibody
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cells clump together/ fall out of solution
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precipitation of antibody
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clumps protein/virus
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IgG antibody
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80% of all antibodies, 2 binding sites, long term immunity, fc fragment binds to phagocytes
-monomer |
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IgA
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secretory component
-milk, mucus, semen -monomer and dimer |
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IgM
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-10 binding sites
-made after first trimester -j-chains hold them together -fixes complement -pentamer |
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IgD
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receptor on B cells
-2 binding sites |
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IgE
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binds by its tail to mast cells and basophils (allergic reaction)
-antibody of allergy; worm infections |
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Types of Immunity
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natural & artificial
active and passive for each |
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natural immunity
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acquired through normal life experiences
active:gives memory cells, get disease, don't die, get it again passive:antibodies made by another person |
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artificial immunity
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produced through medical procedures
active: get vaccinated, body thinks you are infected passive: antibodies by injection made in another person/animal (no memory) |
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6 requirements for effective vaccines
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-protect all forms of the disease
-little side effects -stimulate humeral and cell mediated immunity -inexpensive,long shelf life -does not require many doses -long term, last effects (produce memory) |
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2 Cell Vaccine Design
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-Whole cell Vaccines
-subunit vaccines |
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whole cell vaccines
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-live, attenuated: can revert but better memory, activate b&t cells
killed/inactivated: safer, longer shelf life, usually need a booster |
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subunit vaccines
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Ex: capsule, pill
-need boosters, long shelf life |
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advantages of live cell vaccine
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-viable microorganisms can multiply and produce infection
-confer long-lasting protection -require fewer doses and boosters -particularly effective at inducing cell-mediated immunity |
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New Vaccine Strategies
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-Genetically engineered vaccines: DNA vaccines
-Route of Administration and Side effects of vaccines -who, what, where to vaccinate |
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Monoclonal antibodies (MAB)
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antibodies that have a single specificity for a single antigen and are produced in the lab
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myeloma cells
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cancer of B cells, cancer cells are immortal
-parent cell is immortal, not making antibodies |
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B-cell + myeloma cell
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hybridoma, immortal and make antibody
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immunodeficiencies
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lots of infections, high amounts of cancer
-primary and secondary primary: genetic secondary: acquired (more common) |
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Normal disorder
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regular amounts of infections and cancer
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hypersensativities
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results in damage to the body
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types of hypersensativities
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allergies: responding from something outside
autoimmune: allergic to self |
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Hypersensitivity States
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Immediate
antibody mediated immune complex-mediated t-cell-mediated |
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Immediate State of Hypersensitivity- Type 1
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IgE mast cells and basophils get degranulation
-release chemicals (histamine) -involves allergic mediators |
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Antibody Mediated State of Hypersensitivity- Type 2
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15min to an hour
-IgM and IgG, target is always a cell ex: blood group incompatibility |
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Immune complex-mediated
Type 3 of Hypersensitivity |
IgG, IgM- target is a soluble molecule, immune complex mediated
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T-Cell mediated
Type 4 of Hypersensitivity |
delayed hypersensitivity
Tc + Th +macrophages -24 to 48 hrs |
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Memory
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week 1- not many antibodies, primary response
week 2-more antibodies than first time, secondary/memory response |
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cell mediated immunity
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require the direct involvement of T lymphocytes throughout the course of the reaction
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T-cell
Th CD4 |
-activates the cell-mediated immunity pathway
-responsible for delayed hypersensitivity |
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T-cell
Tc CD8 |
-destroys a target foreign cell by lysis
-important in destruction of complex microbes, cancer cells, virus-infected cells -requires MHC-I for function |
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humeral immunity
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protective molecules (mostly B lymphocytes) carried in the fluids of the body
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Treatment/prevention of allergy
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-avoid allergen
-take drugs that block it -using "vaccine" to short-circuit allergic reaction |
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Blood type A
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Genotype:AA, AO
antigen: A antibody: anti B |
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Blood type B
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Genotype: BB, BO
antigen: B antibody: anti A |
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Blood type AB
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Genotype: AB
antigen: A and B antibody: None -rarest, universal recipient |
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Blood type O
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Genotype: OO
antigen: none antibody: anti A & anti B -universal donor |
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Rh
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rhesus
-type depends on two things: a dominant one that codes for the factor and recessive that does not |
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Rh+
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85% of humans
a person inheriting at least one Rh gene |
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Rh -
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a person inheriting two recessive genes
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Selected Autoimmune diseases
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-systemic lupus
-rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis -graves disease -myasthenia gravis -type 1 diabetes -multiple sclerosis |
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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
(SLE) |
target: systemic
type III hypersensitivity -inflammation of many organs; antibodies against red and white blood cells |
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Rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis
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Target: Systemic
Type II, III, and IV hypersens. -vasculitis; frequent target is joint lining; antibodies vs antibodies, t-cell cytokine damage |
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graves disease
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target: thyroid
type III hypersens. -antibodies against thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors |
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myasthenia gravis
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target: muscles
type III hypersens. -antibodies against the acetylcholine receptors on the nerve-muscle junction alter function |
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type 1 diabetes
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target: pancreas
type IV hypersens. - t cells attack insulin producing cells |
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multiple sclerosis
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target: myelin
type II and IV hypersens. -t cells and antibodies sensitized to myelin sheath destroy neurons |
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Primary Immune deficiencies
(genetic) |
B-cell defects
T-cell defects combined b-cell and t-cell defects phagocyte defects |
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b-cell defects
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low levels of B cells and antibodies
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t-cell defects
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lack of all classes of T cells
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combined b-cell and t-cell defects
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usually caused by lack or abnormality of lymphoid stem cell
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phagocyte defects
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lymphocytes will not be activated, therefore no immune system
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Secondary Immune deficiencies
(acquired) |
Natural causes- AIDs/ cancers, stress, aging, pregnancy
Immunosuppressive- irradiation, severe burns |
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3 ways to ID bacteria to the level of genus and species
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phenotypic
immunologic genotypic |
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phenotypic
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-appearance
-includes a consideration of morphology -Culture- 5 I's -gram stain |
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immunologic
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antibodies to type bacteria
ex: chlamydia |
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genotypic
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genetic techniques
ex: probes, sequencing |
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HIV
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human immunodeficiency virus
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*GRAPH OF HIV INFECTIONS*
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Page 608
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Diagnosis of AIDS
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-must be diagnosed w/ HIV
-CD4 Th cells <200/ml -AIDS: defining illnesses |
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Defining illnesses of AIDS
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-aids patients who do not receive antiretroviral therapy
Kaposi's Sarcoma Pneumocystis pneumonia mycobacterium tuberculosis HPV |
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Kaposi's Sarcoma
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purple lesions on skin; mild cancer
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Pneumocystis pneumonia
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fungus, only effects people with immunodeficiencies
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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may be found in skin
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Transmission of HIV
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sexual
blood: IV drug abuse, trans placenta w/ aggressive treatment of mother |
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HAART
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Highly active anti retroviral treatment
-AIDS cocktail, 3 drugs at once -very high mutation rate -complex dosing, many side effects |
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protease
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HIV enzyme
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reverse transcriptase
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unique, most AB's target it
-catalyzes the synthesis of a single complementary strand of DNA |
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docking and fusion
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CdC4 receptor on white blood cell attaches with GP-120
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integrase
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viral enzyme, prevents integration of virus in DNA
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Why no vaccines for HIV/AIDs
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inactive virus (not alive)
high mutation rate no natural protection from HIV |
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Upper respiratory tract defenses
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nasal hair, mucus, involuntary responses: coughing, sneezing
normal biota: moraxella, corynebacterium, candida albicans |
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normal biotia
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normal biota: streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, neisseria meningitidis, staphylococcus aureus
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lower respiratory tract defenses
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mucus, secretory IgA
Normal biota: None |
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Malaria
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"bad air"
caused by Plasmodium P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. Ovale, P. malariae |
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Transmission of Malaria
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Vector: female anopheles mosquito
10-16 day incubation period, starts with vague symptoms |
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Symptoms of malaria
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fever & chills 48-72 hrs because of simultaneous rupture of infected RBC's
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Falciparum malaria
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most virulent type
-persistant fever, cough and weakness for weeks without relief. |
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Cerebral malaria
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small blood vessels in the brain become obstructed due to the increased ability of RBCs to adhere to vessel walls
-results in death |
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malaria in US
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1-2K cases/yr
-imported |
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malaria world wide
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300-500mil new cases per year w/ about 2 mil death, mostly in children under 5
-likely to see return to US cause of global warming |
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WHO and malaria
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goal: 75% drop by 2015
-human chemoprophylaxis and mosquito abatement -mosquito control: nets, spray |
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vaccines and malaria
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limited success because the protozoa changes it's antigens
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Rhinitis
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common cold
cause: virus's -indirect contact, droplet contact treatment: for symptoms only |
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Pharyngitis
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Sore throat
cause: primary viruses (same as cold) no specific treatment about 30% caused by bacteria: streptococcus pyogenes...gram+ and cocci in chains |
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Streptoccus pyogenes can cause
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-Scarlet fever
-rheumatic fever -glomerulonephritis -toxic shock syndrom -necritizing fascitis |
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glomerulonephritis
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swelling of kidney
Autoimmune type III hypersens. |
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necritizing fascitis
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flesh eating disease
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whooping cough
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cause: bacterium bordetella pertussis
vaccine: DTaP form -known since 1980's |
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upper respiratory ear infection
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otitis media
-mixed infection w. bacteria and viruses -spreads to ears from throat or lungs -streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, other bacteria -vaccines for both causative oragnisms, or tubes in ears |
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RSV
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respiratory syncytial virus inf.
-highly contagious -problem as nosocomial infection in babies -no vaccine right now -specialized antiviral agent: very expensive |
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Large Intestine
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80% of stool volume is bacterial cells
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Gastritis and stomach ulcers
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helicobacter pylori- curved gram negative rod, grows in stomach
-about 2/3 world has them -antibiotics and lower acid intake |
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Acute diarrhea
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about 3 mil death per year in the world, esp children under 5
-most are self limiting -may lead to permanent developmental and cognitive impairment |
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travelers diarrhea
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caused by new e-coli from that area (in water)
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Salmonella
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caused by varieties of salmonella enterica, gram- rod (affects gut)
-type of acute diarrhea -typhoid fever cases going down,salmonella going up -chicken and eggs (inside egg) and peanut butter |
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Clostridium difficile
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gram+ endospore-forming rod found in normal biota in the intestine
-antibiotic associated colitis -mild:diarrhea severe: perforation of bowels (frequently fatal) |
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Campylobacter
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-most common cause of diarrhea (about 2 mill cases a year in US)
-gram- vibrio -lasts about 2 weeks -GBS |
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Guillain-Barré syndrome
(GBS) |
the leading cause of acute paralysis in the US
-onset is campylobacter infection -self limiting, fatal if reaches heart |
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Acute diarrhea w/ vomiting
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food poisoning, usually >1 person
-staphylococcus aureus (gram - cocci in clusters) -lasts about 24 hrs, self limiting, usually heat stable |
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Hepatitis
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inflammation of liver, causes jaundice (yellow tinge of eyes/skin), leads to cirrhosis (scarring)
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Hepatitis A Virus
(HAV) |
"infectious hepatitis"
-mild -from food, water, contact -vaccines |
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Hepatitis B Virus
(HBV) |
"serum hepatitis"
-from blood (sexually) -10% fatal -vaccines |
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Hepatitis C Virus
(HCV) |
"silent epidemic"
>4 mil in US have it (liver failure) -from blood (parenteral), verical -no vaccine |
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Helminths
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round worms, thread worms, tape worms
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Pinworm
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-enterobius vermicularis
5-15% of children -adhesive tape around butt to look for eggs -antihelminth drugs |
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Skin
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cells in epidermis are continuously growing, up to skin, then die
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Keratin
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outer most layer of dead skin
-hair, nails -makes us waterproof |
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Pseudomonas
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most common bacteria found on skin
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antimicrobial peptides
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positively charged chemicals that act by disrupting membranes of bacteria
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Propionibacterium acne
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gram+ rod
-releases lipases to digest surplus of oils |
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Impetigo
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-staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyogenes
-topical antibiotics |
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MRSA
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staph aureus, multiple resistant
MRSA HA- hospital acquired MRSA CA- community acquired |
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Dermatophytes
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"skin plants"
-eat skin and nails (keratin) -cutaneous fungal infection -ringworm or Tinea |
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UTI
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urinary tract infection
-most common in women -most common nosocomial inf -95% not contagious -caused from E. coli from own normal flora |
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Vaginitis
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inflammation of vagina
cause: candida albicans (yeast infection) -normal flora yeast is opportunistic, usually after oral antibiotics -common in diabetics, pregnant -no vaccine, but anti fungal agents or OTC or prescription |
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Trichomonas Vaginalis
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-protozoan critters
-50% of time no symptoms -frothy discharge "ping pong" between partners -increases susceptibility to HIV -pregnant: premature labor, low birth wait |
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STD
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sexually transmitted diseases
-chlamydia is most common STD in US -cases increase more and more each year |
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Gonorrhea
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
-gram- diplococci -yellowish discharge, extreme pain in urination -10%men 50% of women have no symptoms -may cause infertility -resistance is increasing |
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PID
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pelvic inflammatory disease
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Chlamydia
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tradianatis: 7x more common then gonorrhea
-non gonococcal urethritis -bacterium, obligate intra cellular parrasite -PID |
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Syphilis
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-least common STD
-treponema pallidum Stages: primary, secondary, latent, tertiary (late) |
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primary stage of syphilis
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-appearance of chancre, goes away in about 3 weeks
-painless, small blister |
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secondary stage of syphilis
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3 weeks to 6 months after chancre heals
-fever, sore throat, headache |
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latent stage of syphilis
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no real symptoms
30% of untreated cases -bacterium itself is not detected |
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tertiary stages of syphilis
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-rare
-damages heart |
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Genital Herpes
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herpes simplex virus
HSV 1 and HSV 2 |
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HSV1
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oral
80% has it ex: cold sore |
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HSV2
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genital herpes
-20% of adult population has this, but no cure for it |
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Outbreak of Herpes
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vesicles, fluid filled blisters
-painful, goes latent and can reoccur |
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Treatment of symptoms of herpes
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antiviral- decreases severity of outbreaks
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ways to get herpes
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vertical- mom to fetus
congenital-baby picks up as cross placenta -if spread to central nervous system, it can be fatal |
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hemolytic disease of newborn develops when
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Mom is Rh negative and baby is Rh positive
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hypogammaglobulinemia
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deficiency that affects antibodies
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SCID
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primary immunodeficiency with a reduction in both t and b cells
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serocoversion in HIV
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detection of antibodies of HIV
-chronic or acute |
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plasmodium causes
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malaria
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Secretory Ab
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IgA
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H1N1- what is H and Ns?
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molecules outside of the virus
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pandemic of 1918
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"great influenza"
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helicobacter pylori
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gastric ulcers and stomach acid
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