Bio Final 2

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1) Know the characteristics shared by all living things I gave you on the first week of class.

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1) Composed of one or more cells, 2) capable of reproduction, 3) blueprint in the form of DNA, 4) respond to stimuli (things) in their environment, 5) all share some basic biochemical processes
organic molecule is a molecule that contains the element carbon.

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2) Know that an atom is the smallest unit of an element. A molecule is composed of two or more atoms bound together. An organic molecule is a molecule that contains the element carbon.

Back 2

know it ok

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things are largely composed of 4 types of organic macromolecules (very large organic molecules)

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- proteins
- lipids (fats)
- carbohydrates (sugars)
- nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

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5) What are the characteristics shared by all animals at some point during their life cycle?

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a. multicellular  composed of many eukaryotic cells
b. heterotrophic  which means that they must consume other organisms or parts of them to obtain energy, plants and algae are autotrophic meaning that they manufacture their own energy.
c. mobile at some point during their life cycle

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2) Know that the first organisms, a form of prokaryote (bacteria or bacteria-like organism) evolved before 3.5 billion years ago in the oceans. The first direct evidence for life is in the form of photosynthesizing bacteria-like blue-green algae colonies (stromatolites) dating from 3.5 billion years before the present; however life was certainly present for some period of time before that.

Back 5

know it

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o In which environment did life originate?

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marine (ocean) environments, this is also where

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3) What is the oldest direct evidence of organisms?

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Fossilized colonies of photosynthesizing bacteria-like organisms

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4) MUTATION

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the ultimate source of all genetic variation, without mutations the only life form on the planet would be the first type of prokaryotes (bacteria) that evolved 3.5+ billion years ago. Evolution is not possible without mutations. Mutations are the major reason that species are different from each other and that members of a species, e.g. individual humans, are different from each other.

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5) Heterotrop

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an organism that must consume other organisms or their parts to obtain energy, all animals are heterotrophs.

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6) Autotroph

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an organism that produces its own energy. Plants and algae for example use sunlight to produce energy (sugar) through photosynthesis.

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7) Know the evidence of evolution covered in class.

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a. 1) biogeography, 2) paleontological evidence (fossil species, reconstruction of evolutionary phylogeny (horse, whales), 3) comparative anatomy (homologous traits vs. analogous traits (convergent evolution definition and examples) and vestigial structures, 4) molecular genetics, 5) Recent examples of evolution, including that of peppered moths from your readings and pigeon rump color from class.

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Biological Evolution

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a change in the genes, and characteristics coded for by genes, of a population of organisms over time.

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9) Natural selection is the most important way that evolution occurs. It results in species that are adapted to the conditions in their environment. If the conditions that a species faces change they must adapt through natural selection (survival and reproduction of the fittest) or go extinct.
-If a species cannot adapt through natural selection to changes it will go extinct. The marsupial mammal the Tasmanian wolf was driven to extinction in Australia because of a change in the conditions they had to deal with about 10,000 years ago. The change was the introduction of a direct competitor, dogs (dingo), to Australia. Dogs (which are domesticated wolves and part of the more advanced mammal group the placental mammals) outcompeted Tasmanian wolves for resources causing their extinction on Australia thousands of years ago.
- Remember that extinction is the eventual fate of all species, some leave descendant species and others do not.

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know it

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10) Know the two basic mechanisms of evolution

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o 1) Evolution by natural selection = survival of the fittest. Natural selection results in traits that are called adaptations.
o 2) Evolution by chance  evolution (change) of a population by chance events, other than natural selection.

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Population bottleneck  occurs when there is a quick and drastic decrease in the population size of some organism. The point at which there are the fewest individuals is called the bottleneck. Genetic diversity is lost because the small population at the bottleneck is too small to have all the diversity found in the pre-bottleneck population. If the bottleneck is severe enough, resulting in severe inbreeding, the loss of diversity can affect a species ability to adapt through natural selection.

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know it

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11) What is speciation

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Answer = the evolution of two or more species from a single preexisting species.

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a. What is allopatric speciation, what occurs during allopatric speciation to result in two populations that began as part of one species become two different species?

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b. What fundamentally causes speciation to occur?  Answer = reproductive isolation, when members of the populations stop interbreeding with each other.

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12) What is evolutionary fitness and how is it measured

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 Answer = Evolutionary fitness is a measure of an individual organism’s success from an evolutionary standpoint; it is measured by how many copies of their genes (offspring) they pass on.

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14) What three things must be true about a trait to be able to evolve through evolution by natural selection?

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) There must be variation between individuals for the trait.
2) The differences between individual must matter, so the version of a trait individuals have must affect their ability to survive.
3) The differences between individuals for the trait must have a genetic basis, so individuals have different versions of the trait because they have different genes for it

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15) Know the details of the real life examples of evolution by natural selection I gave you in class.  In particular the example of rump color evolution in pigeons in response being hunted by peregrine falcons.

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a. The frequency of white patches increased in a population of pigeons that were being hunted by peregrine falcons. White rump patches became more common because having a white rump patch makes a pigeon harder for the falcons to catch, so individuals with a white rump patch live longer and have more offspring.