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311 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is a Cladogram?
It is a branching diagram
How many years ago did chimps split evolutionary from humans?
5 million years ago
What causes evolution?
1. New feature, mutation
2. Genetic drift: random, bottleneck, founder
3.gene flow
4.natural selection
5. sexual selection
What are the six sources of variation in evolution?
1. gene mutation
2. crossing over
3. independent assortment
4. separation of alleles
5. fertilization
6. change in chromosome number or structure
What is the official doctrine on evolution from the church?
There is no stated doctrine on evolution.
What are the four types of mutations?
A. Substitution, insertions, deletions, transposable elements
What are transposable elements?
A.Changing several bases at a time
What is mitosis?
A.it stresses uniformity, exact copies, clones, maintains chromosome numbers. UNITY
What is Meiosis?
A. allows for variety, maintains correct number of chromosomes but they are halves, occurs only in sex cells
How can you tell a human from a closely related form?
Having a dip and then a chin. Other forms do not have this.
What kind of relation is there between brain size and body size?
A positive correlation.
How many times larger is our brain than a tyrannosaurus' brain?
4
What is more important than big brains that makes us unique as human beings?
The extent to which we use them.
What are the four mechanisms of natural selection?
A: Overproduction, Limited Resources, Genetic Variation, Survival of the adequate.
What are the characteristics of dominant and recessive genes?
A: Dominant: masks recessive trait. Recessive: is masked by dominant.
What is the difference between characters, and character states?
A: Characters-A feature or trait of a living thing. Example: Eye color or size.

Character states- variations of that feature or trait. Example: for eye color-brown, blue, green.
What are the four macromolecules of life?
A: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids.
What are the 5 evolutionary mechanisms discussed in class?
A. Mutation (new features), Genetic Drift, Gene Flow, Natural Selection, and Sexual Selection
What is a keystone species?
A. A species that seem to be more important than their numbers or biomass indicate.
What is the example given in class of a keystone species?
A. Driver Ants
What is a mutation?
A. A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.
Why is there so much diversity caused by sexual reproduction?
Abiotic world is diverse
Diverse opportunities for survival in variable and changing habitats
Chance for adaptation.
So they don't reproduce with each other (isolate diff species)
Natural selection:
Environment (abiotic factors); diff strategies for reproducing
Biological clock is running out (20yr old woman vs 37 yr old woman)
What is the difference between a phenotype and a genotype?
Phenotypes are particular traits shown by the individual; an observable trait. Genotypes are particular pairs of alleles at a locus; particular genes an individual carries. Can be homozygous or heterozygous. they are not directly observed and expressed as symbols: letters.
Who is the father of Natural Selection and who is the father of Evolution?
Charles Darwin is the father of Natural Selection and Jean Baptiste LaMarck is the father of Evolution.
What are characteristics/requirements of Natural Selection?
1. Overproduction
Any organism can provide a lot more offspring than can survive in an environment.

2. Limited resources
3. Genetic variation
Malthus gave Darwin the idea for this
Those better suited for the current condition at hand will leave more offspring.

4. Survival of the adequate
Who said "from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved."
Louis Agassiz
Alfred Wallace
Charles Darwin
Lamarck
A: Darwin
Which is not an assumption for the Hardy Weinberg theory?
No gene mutation
Population is small
Population has no migrations
The gene doesn’t effect survival or reproduction
A: Population is small
Mitosis creates:
half copies
exact copies
nuclear division
haploid cells
A: Exact copies
Phrenology is:
study of genes
study of mutations
study of recessive traits
study of bumps on heads
A: Study of bumps
What is chronospecies?
Two species separated by time
What is a sibling species?
A species that cannot reproduce with each other but look similar
What is a hermaphrodite?
An animal that contains male and female parts.
What does asexual mean?
Something that can produce on its own
What are the 4 different kinds of Mutation?
Substitution: taking different base and putting it in for another
Insertion: separating two bases and put on base in-between the others
Deletion: DNA becomes one base shorter
Transposable elements: jumping genes
The following is present in plants but not animals.
A) Golgi apparatus
B) Cell wall
C) Cell membrane
D) Mitochondria
(B) Cell Wall
What biome has the greatest biodiversity?
A) Rain forest
B) Tundra
C) Open ocean
D) Savannah
(A) Rain forest
Species are defined by:
A) Sexual compatibility
B) Morphology
C) Common ancestry
D) Geography
(A) Sexual compatibility
The rule of the tinkerer relates to:
A) Genetic engineering
B) Habitat preservation
C) Conserving biodiversity
D) Species dominance
© Conserving biodiversity
What are the two reasons for reproduction?
Continuity and increase.
Which one of the following is heterozygous?
a. Pp
b. PP
c. pp
a. Pp
If a PP mates with a pp, what will the child look like?
Pp
What are the four principles of natural selection?
Overproduction, limited resources, genetic variation, survival of the adequate.
What makes us, as humans, unique?
It comes down to extent, Opposable thumbs, Tool use, Bigger brains, Mathematics, Language, Habitat manipulations, Eternal perspective
What is a plant?
Leaf and a stem, photosynthesis, Stationary, Multicellular, Bryophytes: mosses and relatives, Ferns and relatives, Gymnosperms: conifers, Angiosperms: flowering plants
Why do plants exist?
To make more plants
Pollination strategies?
Wind, Insect, Bird, Mammal, None!
What are the three different outcomes of a mutation?
1. Lethal
2. Neutral
3. Beneficial
What are the five sources of genetic variation?
1. Gene Mutation
2. Crossing over
3. Independent assortment
4. Fertilization
5. Change in chromosome number or structure
What are the benefits of sexual reproduction?
It shuffles and mixes up the genes to create more variation.
What are the negatives and positives of asexual reproduction?
It quickly fills a habitat. There is no diversity.
Who said, when asked about what he had learned of his creator, that "He has an inordinate fondness for beetles"?
A: Hal Danes
What are four characteristics of the phylum Chordata?
-notechord
-dorsal, hollow nerve cord
-throat slit
-post anal tail
Who was the father of evolution?
John Baptist Lamarck
What is the most important part of the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
-The discrepancies to the rule-these discrepancies show changes in species
What are the five evidences of evolution?
-Fossils, comparative morphology, comparative development, comparative behavior, comparative biochemistry
In cell division, is mitosis or meiosis responsible for making exact copies of cells?
-Mitosis
What are the 4 macromolecules of life?
-Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleotides/nucleic acid
Why do scientists use logarithm?
- it makes curves look straight, and fits all data onto one sheet
Which source of variation is not from shuffling?
a) crossing over
b) gene mutation
c) fertilization
d) change in chromosome # or structure
e) independent assortment
f) separation of alleles
- answer: b, it is new
T or F All mutations are inherited.
-answer: false
How old is the earth?
-4.6 billion years old
Why is there sex drive?
Willingness to pair
What is a gamete?
Haploid cell prepared for fertilization
How many genes are there in humans?
25,000
What are the factors of Natural Selection?
Overproduction, limited resources, genetic variation, and survival of the adequate
What is the biological species concept?
A: A species is a population whose members are able to interbreed freely under natural conditions.
A _____ is an observable trait, while a _____ is the particular pair of alleles at a locus.
A: phenotype, genotype
Which source of variation introduces new diversity rather than just shuffling?
A. Crossing Over
B. Independent Assortment
C. Gene Mutation
D. Fertilization
E. Change in chromosome number or structure.
A: Gene Mutation.
Professor Nelson called ______ a "model for discovery" because it proves that evolution is happening if one of its assumptions is incorrect.
A: Hardy-Weinberg principle
How old is the Universe?
A. 13 Billion years old
Flies are ________.
A. Voluptuous
Analogy means _________.
A. Similarity in function or appearance but not due to inheritance from a common ancestor.
Homology means _________.
A.Similarity due to inheritance from a common ancestor, function may differ.
What are the four elements of natural selection?
1-Overproduction
2-Limited resources
3-Genetic variation
4-Survival of the adequate
What is the Church's position about evolution?
The Church doesn't have an official position on evolution.
What are the 5 assumptions for the Hardy Wienburg Rule?
1-No gene mutation {but in reality, mutation happens--not often, but it does happen}
2-Population very large (ideally, infinitely large) {but in reality, genetic drift happens}
3-Population can't migrate {but gene flow--the migration of parts of the population--does happen}
4-The gene doesn't affect the survival or reproduction of the life form {But in reality, natural selection occurs with traits that affect survival/reproduction}
5-All mating random {Sexual selection always occurs}
Why is evolution just a theory?
Because no matter how many times you test it, it hasn't always happened in the future.
What does a chordate have?
A notocord (sometime during development), a dorsal hollow nerve cord, throat slits, and a post anal tail.
Who was Lamarck?
He is the father of evolution. He wrongly said that inheritance of acquired characteristics is evolution.
How many features did Mendel study?
Seven.
What are the five pieces of evidence of evolution?
Fossils, morphology, development, behavior, biochemistry
What four characteristics do Chordates have?
Notochord, dorsal (hollow nerve cord), throat slits, post anal tail
How many features did Mendel study to come up with his ideas of segregation and independent assortment?
7
What are three discovery tools?
Observations, hypothesis, tests
Describe a difference between mitosis and meiosis?
A. Mitosis creates an exact copy & meiosis creates half copy, capable of diversifying
What is an Allele?
A. An alternative expression of the same gene
How long is a gene?
A. 10-15 kb (kilobases)
Roughly how many amino acids would result from a 15 kb gene?
A. ~5,000
In what three ways can the DNA sequence change?:
1) Substitution, of base pair
2) Insertion
3) Deletion
What is segregation?
-When pairs of alleles separate during gamete formation.
What is evolution?
-Change in allele frequency (genetics) from one generation to the next.
What are some sources for variation?
-Gene Mutation
-Crossing over
-Independent assortment
-Separation of alleles
-Fertilization
-Change in chromosome number or structure
What are the mechanisms for evolution?
1 overproduction
2 limited resource
3 genetic variation
4 survival of the adequate
What did gregor mendall study?
Peas
Why is there so much diversity in reproduction?
Natural selection
____________ is a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA and the original source of all new alleles; ultimately the diversity of life!
-Mutation
What four carbohydrates are most common in life?
1. cellulose 2. starch 3. glycogen 4. chitin
What are the two processes in which cells divide?
- Mitosis & Meiosis
What are the sources of variation?
1. gene mutation (new)
2. crossing over (shuffle)
3. Independent Assortment (shuffle)
4. Fertilization (shuffle)
5. Change in chromosome # or structure.(shuffle)
What are the four plant kingdoms? *all plants fit into 1 kingdom
Answer:
- Bryophytes
- Ferns
- Gymnosperms
- Angiosperms
What are the types of variation?
Answer:
1) gene mutation
2) crossing over
3) independent assortment
4) separation of alleles
5) fertilization
6) change in chromosome number or structure
What are the 3 affects that mutation has on things?
Answer:
1- Lethal
2- Neutral
3- Beneficial
What is a gene pool?
Answer: genetic variability in a population
What are the four types of mutation?
A. Substitution, Insertion, Deletion, and Transposable Elements
Why are there so many kinds of things?
A. Because genes can combine in so many different ways.
Why do organisms produce asexually?
A. Asexual reproduction fills a habitat quickly and efficiently. Less energy is used finding a mate.
What does sexual reproduction yield?
A. Diversity, variation, and uniqueness
What were Mendel's laws?
A: Segregation and Independent assortment
What are dominant and recessive genes?
A: Dominant gene is a trait that masks the trait of a recessive allele. Recessive traits are masked by the dominant allele.
What is a gene?
A: It is a section of the length of DNA that codes for a particular protein feature.
What are alleles?
A: They are alternative forms of the same gene.
What does the stamen and carpel do during the reproduction process of a plant?
A: The stamen makes sperm and produces pollen and the carpel produces the eggs.
What is a gene mutation?
A change in DNA sequence
What is natural selection?
Different survival rates based on genetics and adaptation
What are characteristics of chordates?
Notochord, dorsal, throat slits, and post anal tail.
The principle that energy cannot be created or destroyed is known as ______.
Answer:
conservation of energy.
Entropy means that _______.
Answer: The quantity of usable energy declines with each energy transformation.
What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?
Answer: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy
In the Hardy-Weinberg theorem, 1 represents __________.
Answer: the sum of the frequencies of all the alleles of a particular gene that exists in a gene pool.
In the Hardy-Weinberg formula, what does p2 represent?
Answer: frequency of the homozygous dominants
In the Hardy-Weinberg formula, what does 2pq represent?
Answer: frequency of heterozygotes
Gene flow is accomplished by ___________.
Answer: Migration
What makes humans different?
Answer-eternal perspective, language, math, brains, imagination, thumbs, chins, eye brows, habitat manipulation, and to the EXTENT we do all of these things.
What does Homo sapien even mean?
Answer: Wise man
Natural Selection includes these four areas:
overproduction, limited resources, genetic variation, and survival of the adequate.
When was Charles Darwin's famous book published?
Answer: November 24th, 1859
Charles Darwin is the father of what?
Answer: Natural Selection. fyi, Nelson said that Alferd Russel Wallace was really another father of natural selection as well, just not credited.
Lamarck is the father of what?
Answer: Evolution
Energy ______, Nutrients_______.
Cycles, Flow
What are lengths of DNA that code for certain protiens?
Genes
What was Mendel famous for studying?
Pea Plants
Fossils, Comparitive Morphology, and Comparitive Development are all evidences of what?
Evolution
Who is the Father of Evolution?
Lamarck
How many different types of mutations are there, and what are they?
4.Substitution/Insertion/Deletion/transposible elements
What were Dr. Nelsons two reasons for reproduction?
Continuity of the species/Increase of the population
What is the bottom of the ocean called?
Benthic Realm
What are the 6 sources of variation?
Gene mutation, crossing over, independent assortment, separation of alleles, fertilization, change in chromosome number or structure
What are the various types of mutation?
Substitution, insertion, deletion, transposable elements
What is mutation?
A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA (original source of all new alleles and ultimately the diversity of life)
Where does photosynthesis take place in a plant cell?
Chloroplasts
Where does respiration take place in a plant cell?
Mitochondria
What is an ecosystem?
The biotic community and its abiotic environment.
Name the four macromolecules of life.
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What are the complimentary pairings of nucleic acids?
GC, CG, TA, AU(the T is replaced in RNA by a U)
What is gene expression?
The process of using the information stored in DNA to do something (usually through protein production)
What did Hall Dane say he learned about the creator through all his years of studying biology?
That He (the creator) has an inordinate fondness for beetles
What is mutation?
A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.
What are the five Sources of Variation?
Gene Mutation, Crossing Over, Independent Assortment, Fertilization, and Change in chromosome number or structures.
153. Why reproduce?
For continuity and increase.
154. What is the difference between Natural and Sexual Selection?
Natural Selection is the different survival rates based on genetics and adaptation while Sexual Selection is the different survival rates based on female choice.
155. What is a phenotype?
A particular trait shown by an individual
156. Of the 5 evidences of evolution Dr. Nelson presented in class which one is missing from the list? Fossils, Comparative morphology, Comparative development, Comparative behavior.
A. Comparative biochemistry.
157. In a flower what part produces sperm for reproduction?
A. Stamen
What are the 4 most common carbohydrates?
A. Cellulose, Starch, Glycogen, Chitin
What are the five evolutionary mechanisms?
1) new feature mutation
2) genetic drift
3) gene flow
4) natural selection
5) sexual selection
160. What are the conditions to the hardy-weinburg rule?
1) no gene mutations
2) the population is very large
3) the population has no migration
4) the gene doesn't effect survival or reproduction
5) all mating is random
161. What do all the conditions of the hardy-weinburg rule have in common?
They are all major assumptions, thus making it very rare that the conditions are met making the Hardy-Weinburg rule not so effective
162. What did we learn from our nature walk?
Tree commonly exhibit over production- why? evolution
163. Who was Lamark?
The father of evolution.
164. Who else came up with the theory of evolution during Darwin's time?
Alfred Russel Wallace.
164. Who came up with the terminology "survival of the fittest"?
Herbert Spenser.
165. What is a population?
A group of species occupying the same space.
166. The Kangaroo is an example of what ammmal group?
Marsupial
167. It's not the size of something, it's the extend of what?
Use
168. What makes us human:
1.) Hands
2.) Language
3.) Brain size
4.) Jimmeny Cricket (conscience)
5.) Math
6.) Sarcasm
7.) Habitat manipulation
8.) Eternal perspective
169. What are ways that flowers seeds are dispersed?
Wind, insect, bird, mammal, none(some are asexual)!
170. What are General animal Characteristics?
- Multicellular, heterotrophs, ingest food, require oxygen, reproduee sexually and many asexually, Motile-- at least during some stage, transform zygot to multicellular oganism
171. What are the characteristics of the kingdom Fungi and what are the diff types?
Kingdom fungi= characteristics- multicellular, hetertroph, extracellular digetion//kinds molds, sac fungi, yeast –pennicillin, club fungi-like mushrooms, Fungi imperfect: not sure which of previous, Lichens
172. What are the different domains of the the earliest organisms?
Domain Eukarya
173. Other domains bacteria and Archaea- these may seem simple but what makes them successful is that they are surviving and reproducing!!
--Decomposers, pathogens, photosynthesizers, chemosynthesizers
174. Can humans (Homo sapiens) be born with gills?
A No thats wierd
B Only Harry Potter
C If throat slits then yes
D huh?
A: C
175. What's the key evidence that humans are different?
Extent
176. What's sperm for flowers?
A Pollen
B Petals
C Fruit
D Leaves
A: A
177. What is Mitosis?
A Cell changing function
B Cell splitting into two halves
C Cell being destroyed by a virus
D Cell splitting to two exact copies
A: D
178. What good Is a plant?
Making more plants
179. What is serendipity?
Unintended good consequence. A found Penny. OR The effect by which one accidentally discoveries something fortunate, especially while looking for something entirely unrelated.
180. What are the 5 Pollination Strategies?
Wind, Insect, Bird, Mammal, None
181. What is life?
Cells and metabolism
Requires energy inputs
Senses and responds to changing conditions
Grows and reproduces
182. What are the two types of fermentation we learned about in relation to anaerobic respiration?
Lactate fermentation and alcohol fermentation.
183. Fossils Are:
Evidence of change through time and evolution
184. What are four Characteristics of chordates:
a. Notochord
b. Dorsal hollow nerve cord
c. throat slits post anal tail
d. Post-anal tail
185. What are alleles:
Different representation of the same gene
186. Who is to be considered the father of evolution?
Lamarck.
187. What is the big point of Darwin?
How you measure success in biology.
188. What were Mendel's Principles?
Segregation, and Independent Assortment.
189. What is a gene?
A section of a length of DNA that codes for a particular protein.
190. What is an allele?
Alternative (different representations) forms of the same gene
191. What is the Church's official doctrine concerning evolution?
No stated doctrine on evolution! Leaders of the Church have expressed strong opinions both for and against it, more particularly as it relates to the origin of man. The view of the First Presidency, who is responsible for doctrine for the entire church, emphasizes that it doesn't concern our eternal salvation, and "declares man to be the direct lineal offspring of Deity" and "Adam is the primal parent of our race."
192. Which of the following is a characteristic of a chordata?
a) Notochord
b) Dorsal, hallow nerve cord
c) Throat Slits
d) Post and tail
e) All of the Above
A: E!
193. What is the difference between a habitat and a niche?
Habitat is an organisms "address", the place where individuals of a species normally live.
Niche: an organisms "job" the activities and relationships in which a specie engage in to survive/reproduce.
194. Define replication.
Makes exact copies for complete reproduction, for instance during mitosis
Each copy is half old and half new
DNA to DNA
195. Define transcription.
DNA to RNA
Produces RNA that moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where
protein synthesis occurs.
196. Define translation.
Change language from nucleic acids (4 bases) to proteins (20 amino acids)
RNA to Protein
197. Name the four types of mutations.
substitution (substitute A for T)
insertion (insert a base in between two others)
deletion (take a base out)
transposable elements (moving several bases at a time through
the other three types…moves a length of DNA)
198. Name two causes of mutations.
Spontaneous (bad proofreading and repair)
Environmental (could be human induced or natural)
Ultraviolet radiation
Ionizing radiation (nuclear radiation)
Natural chemicals
Synthetic chemicals
199 What is gene mutation?
A change in the nucleotide seqence of DNA
200. Why do species have a sex drive?
Perpetuate the species, peer pressure, hormones, curiosity.
201. Who is Dan Fairbanks?
-a great mormon sculpture
202. Who is Albert Spencer?-
coined the phrase “survival of the fittest”
203. What are the requirements to be considered “life”?
1)cells and metabolism
2)requires energy inputs
3)senses and responds 2 changing conditions
4)grows and reproduces
204. What does HIV stand for?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
205. What does AIDS stand for?
Acquirerd immune Deficiency Syndrome
206. What is a Niche?
–An organisms “job”
207. What are the four evidences of evolution?
1 fossils
2 comparative morphology
3 comparative development
4 comparative behavior
5 Comparitive Biochemistry
208. What are Mendel's two Principles?
1. Segregation
2. Independent Assortment
209. What three ways are countries wealthy?
1. material
2. cultural
3. biological
210. What did E.O. Wilson list as the 5 things to be done?
1. survey the world's flora and fauna
2. create biological wealth
3. promote sustainable development
4. save what remains
5. restore the wild-lands
211. What is a limiting factor?
Any essential resource that, in short supply, limits population growth
212. What is the type of symbiosis that describes a relationship in which both organisms benefit from eachother?
A.Parasitism
B.Neutralism
C.Commensalism
D. Mutualism
Answer-D
213 .Which of the following was not mentioned in class as a pollination strategy for plants?
A. Insect
B. Bird
C. Bacteria
D. Wind
E. Mammal
Answer-C
214. What was the name of the second major extinction which occured about 365 mya?
A. Permian
B. Denovian
C. Ordovician
D. Triassic
E. Cretaceous
Answer-B
215. Which of these is not a pollination strategy?
a.wind
b.insect
c.water
d. bird
the answer is c. water
216. What is a limiting factor?
a. any essential resource that, in short supply, limits population growth.
b.a population that does not have enough males
c. a factor that allows for over production
d. any factor that mutates genes.
the answer is a.
217. How do fossils exhibit evidence of evolution?
They provide evidence of change through time.
218. What is a notochord?
Is a stiffening rod below the nerve cord, it is present sometime during development.
219. In symbiosis, how does competition affect both parties?
Lose-lose (Both are negatively affected).
220. What is the basis for natural selection?
Mutation
221. What are the main characteristics of a virus?
1. Viruses have a protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid.
2. A virus cannot reproduce by itself.
222. What is aerobic respiration?
-Aerobic Respiration - "Burning in the Presence of Oxygen"
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H20 (Reaction requires atleast on enzyme, often many, to catalyze the reaction)
223. How old is the universe?
13 billion years
224. What is a silent mutation?
One that is neutral, it doesn't have any good or bad effects on the specimen.
225. What are the different sources of variation?
Non-inheritable variation (cutting off your finger..)
gene mutation (new!) - only source of totally new stuff
crossing over (shuffle)
independent assortment (shuffle)
separation of alleles (shuffle)
fertilization (shuffle)
change in chromosome number or structure (shuffle)
226. How do you measure success in biology?
Survival and reproduction
227. What good is a plant?
Making more plants.
228. What is the central dogma of biology?
Answer: How do you start with DNA and make proteins that yield an organism of some sort?
**Know Darwin quote“"There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone circling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved."
**Know Darwin quote“"There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone circling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved."
234. What can be used to calculate monohybrid crosses?
Punnett Square
236. What is the preferred animal in studying genetics?
Fruit flies
237. What time period existed 245 million years ago?
Permian.
240. What is an organism's "address" and which is its "job"?
Habitat; niche.
241. In what interactions do both organisms benefit? In which do neither benefit?
Mutualism; competition.
What is the great chain of being?
A universal hierarchy ranking all forms of higher and lower life
243. What is a gene pool?
Genetic variability in a population
244. One definition of evolution is:
a change in allele frequency (genetics) from one generation to the next
247. What was Lamarck's main theory that most scientists today believe is wrong?
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
248. What is a phenotype?
A trait that is shown by an individual. It is expressed in words, not symbols.
249. What is a genotype?
A pair of alleles at a locus. They can be homozygous or heterozygous, they are not directly observed, and they are often expressed as symbols.
250. What is the function of the cell cycle?
To produce daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.
251.. What is the Great Chain of Being?
It was a thought formed by Aristotle. It was a chart or a ladder showing the differrnt levels of the natural world. Aristotle tried to organize the natural world into systems of relationships. Things like algae are at the bottom of the ladder, while God is the highest level of the ladder.
253. What is a species?
A population whose members are able to interbreed freely under natural conditions.
254. What are the 5 major exctinctions in History?
Ordovician (440)
Devonian (365)
Permian (254)
Triassic (210) Cretaceous (66)
255.. What are the four chronic problems?
a) Sibling species (looks like they could mate, but they can't)
b) Asexual species (have not shwn ability to mate)
c) Hermadphroditic species (both sexes)
d) Chronospecies (two species seperated by time, like dinosaurs and humans, there's no way
256. What are the discovery tools humans use:
Faith, force, art, science type
257. What is an estuary?
A wetland in between dry and wet; not much of a tide
258. What are the two most diverse biome?
Estuaries and rainforests
259. What is aerobic respiration?
Burning in the presence of oxygen
260. What is anaerobic respiration?
Burning food with out oxygen
261. How many chromosomes do human cells contain?
With exception of gametes (sperm/ova) human cells contain 46 chromosomes
262. What are some of the things we talked about in class which makes humans human?
Hands, language, brain size, eternal perspective, conscience, math, habitat manipulation, tools, opposable thumbs, sarcasm
263. What are three things sexual reproduction can create?
Diversity, variation, uniqueness
264. Energy _______, nutrients ___________
A: flow, cycle
265. How do you measure success in biology?
Survival and reproduction
Symbioses
Organism 1
Organism 2
Mutualism
+
+
Commensalism
+
0
Parasitism
+
-
Neutralism
0
0
Amensalism
0
-
Competition
-
-
Symbioses
Organism 1
Organism 2
Mutualism
+
+
Commensalism
+
0
Parasitism
+
-
Neutralism
0
0
Amensalism
0
-
Competition
-
-
267. What is the competitive Exclusion Principle:
Two or more species that require identical resources cannot coexist indefinitely.
268. What are the 5 pollination strategies?
1. Wind
2. Insect
3. Bird
4. Mammal
5. None!
269. What is a limiting factor?
-any essential resource that in short supply, limits population growth
270. How can the wealth of its country be measured?
-Materially, culturally, and biologically
271. What is to be done with this world?
- Survey the world's floral and fauna
-Create biological wealth
-promote sustainable development
-save what remains
-Restore wildlands
272. What is an example of amensalism?
-Tree roots breaking up a sidewalk
273. What is a characteristic of a monocot?
A. They are only found in the desert
B. They must be more than 4’ tall
C. Floral parts typically are in sets of 4 or 5
D. Leaves are more linear and veins are parallel
Answer:D
274. What is a characteristic of a dicot?
A. They don’t need to photosynthesize
B. Their vascular tissue is in a ring shape in the stem
C. They have one cotyledon
D. Floral parts are in multiples of 3
Answer: B
275. What are the effects of mutualism on organisms 1 and 2?
A. They both benefit
B. Organism 1 benefits and organism 2 is not effected
C. Organism 1 suffers and organism 2 benefits
D. Neither organism benefits
Answer: A
276. What are the effects of parasitism on organisms 1 and 2?
A. Both organisms suffer
B. Both organisms benefit
C. Neither organism benefits or suffers
D. Organism 1 benefits, organism 2 suffers
Answer: D
277. What is the Biological Species Concept?
A: A species is a population whose members are able to interbreed freely under natural conditions.
278. What are three of the sources of variation?
(possible) A: gene mutation, crossing over, independent assortment, separation of alleles,
279. Why do plants exist? (and other such questions)
A: To make more plants.
280. What do chloroplasts do?
Chloroplasts have structures for capturing a small part of the sun’s energy that hits them. They do this during photosynthesis.
281. What are the trophic levels?
Trophic levels: 1st- Primary producers (autotrophs) 2nd- Primary consumers heterotrophs (herbivores decomposers, detritivores) 3rd- Secondary consumers, heterotrophs (primary carnivores)- 4th- Tertiary consumers, heterotrophs (secondary carnivores and parasites
281. Difference between homology and anaology?
Homology- similarity in origin genetic similarity ie the hand of a human and the front paw of a dog
282. Anaology-
relates to what it does not what it is functional similarity ie. a jet plane and volkswagon
283. What is a limiting factor? Limiting factor-
any essential resource that in short supply limits population growth
284. What is a phenotype?
Observable trait. Seen by the physical eye
285. What is a genotype?
Unobservable trait. Located in the DNA. Particular pair of alleles
286. What happens within natural selection?
Overproduction, limited resource, genetic variation, survival of the adequate
287. What are the equations for the Hardy-Weinberg rule?
Equation 1.....P+A=1 and
equation 2......(p+q) squared=1 (2) squared
288. What does the Hardy-Weinberg rule state?
It states that if you keep all the rules going and you let the population mate, the frequency won't change because their was no advantage. There will be no changing from generation to generation
289. What are the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg rule?
No gene mutation, the population is very large, the population has no migrations, the gene doesn't affect survival or reproduction, all mating is random
290. T/F - According to Weinberg, Allele frequencies will remain stable from one generation to the next under certain conditions.
A: T
291. What game did Weinberg watch that helped him in some of his studies?
a - Baseball
b - Cricket
c - Football
d - Water Polo
Answer: B
292. T/F - A gene pool is the total number of types of genes an individual has.
Answer: F, genetic variability in a population.
293. T/F - Diploid cells are involved with meiosis?
Answer - F, haploid cells
294. What is natural selection?
1. overproduction-any one generation can produce more individuals then their environment can provide.
2. limited resources- not enough resources to feed everyone.
3. genetic variation
4. survival of the adequate
295. What is segregation?
Segregation: pairs of alleles separate during gamete formation; but remember, the fusion of gametes at fertilization creates allele pairs again.
296. How long is a gene?
Varies… But an average might be 10-15kb (kilobases)
Avg protein, About 5000 amino acids
297. What was the name of the ship that Darwin sailed on with Captain Fitsroy?
Beagle
298. With knowledge comes _________—where much is given much is ___________.
(Answers: responsibility, required)
299. What is a Limiting Factor?
(Answer: Any essential resource that, in short supply, limits population growth.)
300. According to scientists best estimates, how many people have ever lived on the earth...?
(Answer: 100-115 billion people)
301. There are __________ many people on earth right now.
(Answer: 6.8 billion people on the earth right now.)
302. K-T only one of five major extinctions.
· Ordovician 440 mya
· Dvonian 365 mya
· Permian, 245 mya
· Triassic 210 mya (biggest)
· Cretaceous 66 mya
303. What might be the cause of the 6th extinction?
(Answer: US--Humans!! from EOW)
What are Koch's snowflake and what do they mean?
305. Koch's snowflakes relate to an object having a finite area, but an infinite perimeter. This relates to things expanding as we zoom in to them. It relates to scale and that its the scale we use that determines what we know of something.
306. What are the parts of a flower that we should know?
see diagram
307. What are the ocean zones?
Photic zone - light penetrates
Aphotic zone - no light
Benthic realm - the bottom
308. What are the stages of Complete metamorphasis
Egg -> larvae (several times) -> pupa -> adult
309. Which group makes up a quarter of living species?
Beetles
310. What is the definition of symbiosis?
Living together
311. What is a unique characteristic about fungi?
Extracellular division
312. What two groups are plants separated into?
Monocots and Dicots
313.What does IMRAD stand for?
Introduction, material & methods, results, and discussion.
314. Why is carbon important?
-makes 4 bonds
- forms a tetrahedron
-organic compound if contains carbon
-make chains of carbon
315. What are abiotic factors?
-light
-temperature
-moisture
-water chemistry
-nutrients
-fire
316. "The great chain of being" or "the latter of life" is?
-theory of relationships
-every organism in the world were in a role and didn't change
-universal hierarchy ranking all forms of higher and lower life
317. What is the significance of Koch's snowflake?
Scale is important and the answers may change with differing perspectives.
318. What is Synaphomorphy?
A trait shared by two or more taxa and their most recent common ancestor, whose ancestor, in turn, does not possess the trait.
319. What are some examples of a keystone species?
Driver ants and sea otters (an ecosystem may experience a dramatic shift if this species is taken away.)
320. What are the most common elements that occur naturally in living systems?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Sulfur (CHONPS).
322. What is a phenotype?
-A particular trait shown by an individual
323. When did chimps and humans diverge?
-About 5 million years ago
324. What are the pollination strategies?
-Wind, insects, birds, mammals, none
160. What are the conditions to the hardy-weinburg rule?
1) no gene mutations
2) the population is very large
3) the population has no migration
4) the gene doesn't effect survival or reproduction
5) all mating is random