Bio Final

Front 1

4 major stimulating beverages

Back 1

coffee, tea, chocolate, soft drinks

Front 2

Effects of caffeine on the CNS (7)

Back 2

increases heartbeat, increases blood pressure, stimulates respiration, constricts blood vessels, results in feelings of energy and alertness, improves athletic performance, and enhances effect of aspirin/acetaminophen

Front 3

Negative effects of caffeine (6)

Back 3

insomnia, nervousness, irritability, rapid heartbeat, birth defects/infertility, addictive - withdrawal symptoms

Front 4

Coffee is native to...

Back 4

Ethiopia

Front 5

Initially,the ____ and ____ of coffee tree were chewed to dispel fatigue

Back 5

leaves and berries

Front 6

Coffee spread to Europe in _____

Back 6

1615

Front 7

____ dipped coffee seed in _____ ______ to prevent ____ from growing them, but _____ eventually got hold of them and planted them in the East _____ and then they spread to Brazil

Back 7

Arabs, boiling water, Europeans, Dutch, Indies

Front 8

Processing coffee: Roast seeds at ____ degrees C for light and ____ degrees C for dark, causing ____ _____ to surface before ____ and ____

Back 8

215, 240, essential oils, grinding, brewing,

Front 9

the ____ you grind, the stronger the coffee because it increases ____ ____

Back 9

finer, surface area

Front 10

Instant Coffee Process: Developed in 1901 in ____. Coarsely ground beans brewed under ____ over and over again, sits in hot ____, sprayed from building so ____ evaporates, beans at the bottom

Back 10

Japan, pressure, water, water

Front 11

Decaffeinated Coffee methods (3), developed in 1906 in ____

Back 11

Solvent extraction, wet extraction, supercritical carbon dioxide, Germany

Front 12

Supercritical CO2 process: In supercritical state, CO2 acts as both ____ and ____, beans soaked in water so ___ comes out in bean tissue, placed in CO2 and caffeine comes out in liquid, ___ diffuses between columns and takes caffeine with it, takes between ____ and ____ % caffeine out

Back 12

liquid, gas, caffeine, gas, 97, 99

Front 13

Tea is native to...

Back 13

China

Front 14

Green tea process: leaves ____ 45 - 60 sec, ____ and ____ around 2 hours, very ____ processed

Back 14

steamed, rolled, dried, lightly

Front 15

Black tea process: leaves spread out to ____ for 24 hr, rolled to ___ cells to help in ____ process , ____ for several hours, dried

Back 15

wilt, crush, fermentation, ferment

Front 16

Oolong tea process: taste between ____ and ____ teas because ____ time is shorter

Back 16

green, black, fermentation

Front 17

Green tea linked to lower ___ rates, black tea linked to lower ___ rates

Back 17

cancer, cholesterol

Front 18

tea brought to Europe in ___, coffee was more prevalent in Europe at this time, but ____ destroyed all coffee plantations in ____ _____ in 1800s because it was a ____

Back 18

1600s, rust, Sri Lanka, monoculture

Front 19

Iced tea invented at World's Fair in ___ ____ in 1904; tea bags also invented because tea importer sent samples in silk bags

Back 19

St. Louis

Front 20

____ tree produces Cocoa, native to tropical _____, pods form on ____

Back 20

Cacao, Americas, trunk

Front 21

____ was the last Aztec ruler, drank hot chocolate made of ground ____ seeds, ground ____ seeds, ____ ____ and ____ in boiling water

Back 21

Montezume, cacao, annatto, chili pepper, and vanillaC

Front 22

Cortes brought drink back to Spain; ___ deleted, ___ and ____ added

Back 22

spices, sugar, cinnamon

Front 23

processing of chocolate: ___ harvested and split open, ____ seeds removed, piled up, ___ for 4-7 days, seeds ___ and ____, cracked open to release ___, ground into ____, melted, poured into molds to make chocolate ____

Back 23

pods, moist, ferment, dried, roasted, cotyledons, paste, liquor

Front 24

cocoa powder

Back 24

liquor with cocoa butter removed

Front 25

bittersweet chocolate (4 ingredients)

Back 25

chocolate liquor + cocoa butter + sugar + vanilla

Front 26

milk chocolate (5 ingredients)

Back 26

bittersweet chocolate + milk

Front 27

white chocolate (4 ingredients)

Back 27

no chocolate liquor, only cocoa butter, sugar, vanilla, milk

Front 28

Psychoactive drugs (3 types)

Back 28

stimulants, hallucinogens, depressants

Front 29

Effects of stimulants (4)

Back 29

enhance alertness and activity, reduce fatigue and hunger

Front 30

Effects of hallucinogens (4)

Back 30

alter perception, thought, and mood; can induce dreamlike state

Front 31

Effects of depressants (3)

Back 31

dull awareness, reduce physical performance, can induce dreamlike state

Front 32

Definition of narcotic

Back 32

any psychoactive compound that is addictive --- psychological dependence, physiological dependence, and tolerance...increase dopamine levels in brain

Front 33

Opiates are native to...

Back 33

Middle East

Front 34

Opiate flower scientific name and family

Back 34

Papaver Somniferum, family Papaveraceae

Front 35

Morphine is a very effective ____. Effect wears off if taken ____, so ____ was used for soldiers

Back 35

analgesic, orally, injection

Front 36

___ has a slightly altered chemical structure from morphine. It is ____ times more addictive and is ___ more rapidly

Back 36

heroin, 6, absorbed

Front 37

Scientific name and family of marijuana

Back 37

Cannabis sativa (cannabaceae)

Front 38

Marijuana is native to...

Back 38

Asia (China max fiber production, India max resin product ...for THC)

Front 39

The highest concentration of THC is on the ____ on leaves surrounding ____ flowers. Not ____ addictive. ___ for your lungs, ____ soluble so it accumulates in tissues, and ____ sperm count.

Back 39

resin, female, physiologically, bad, fat, lower

Front 40

____ states allow marijuana for medical purposes

Back 40

14

Front 41

Medical uses of marijuana (4)

Back 41

Cancer, AIDS (nausea suppressant, appetite stimulant, pain reliever)
Glaucoma (relieves pressure in eye from fluid buildup)
Multiple Sclerosis (decrease in pain, muscle tremors)

Front 42

Scientific name and family of cocaine

Back 42

Erythroxylum coca, family: erythroxylacae

Front 43

Cocaine is native to...

Back 43

South America

Front 44

___ explorers brought cocaine back to Europe, was not popular when chewed like Andeans, more popular when ____ from leaves in 1855

Back 44

Spanish, isolated

Front 45

Processing of coke and crack: cocaine is isolated from ____ leaves, ____ acid is added, precipitate is ____, heating coke in boiling water with baking soda is ____

Back 45

coca, hydrochloric, coke, crack

Front 46

cocaine is extremely ____ addicting, rapidly absorbed into _____, produces short-lived ____, loss of ____, insomnia, risk of _____ _____.

Back 46

physiologically, bloodstream, euphoria, appetite, heart attack

Front 47

Scientific name and family of tobacco

Back 47

Nicotiana tabacum, family: solanaceae

Front 48

Tobacco is native to....

Back 48

Americas

Front 49

Tobacco production: apply a lot of ____ fertilizer for large, pliable leaves of cigar wrappers, limit ___, increase ____ and ____ for small brittle leaves of cigarettes. Cut top of plant off (___), don't want bushy plants so cut off lateral branches, promote ___ production; when mature plants are picked and ____, (slow drying, moisture reduced 80%-20%, and fermenting to develop flavor), then age several months - years

Back 49

Nitrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, flower, leaf, cured

Front 50

warlords

Back 50

these "leaders" had private rather than collective interests, aim isn't to build state.

charles taylor is like this

affects authority in other states b/c this type of "leader" will ignore borders if they block markets. (reason why people say soveriegnty is fake, borders ignored)

Front 51

Scientific name and family of Peyote

Back 51

lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae)

Front 52

Peyote is native to...

Back 52

Texas/Mexico

Front 53

Peyote's active ingredient is ____. It is eaten fresh or ____, taste is ____. Its symptoms include ____ and 1 - 2 hrs later it produces _____. There is no evidence of _____ but tolerance can develop.

Back 53

mescaline, rehydrated, bitter, nausea, hallucinations, addictiveness

Front 54

____ _____is the "Smurf mushroom" that produces _____ and a deep, dream-filled sleep, then hallucinations and mild euphoria.

Back 54

Amanita muscaria, dizziness,

Front 55

____ _____ is a mushroom whose active ingredient is psilocybin. It produces severe ___ for several hours.

Back 55

Psilocybe spp., hallucinations

Front 56

___ _____ is a fungus that infects ____ grains. Its active ingredient is LSD and may be response for the Salem ____ ____.

Back 56

Claviceps purpurea, rye, witch trials

Front 57

Alcohol is made by the _____ of yeast, which is ____ because they respire without oxygen and produce ____ and CO2

Back 57

fermentation, anaerobic, ethanol

Front 58

Yeast breaks down _____ into ____ and CO2. It produces ____ until the level becomes toxic (about ___%)

Back 58

glucose, ethanol, ethanol, 18-19%

Front 59

Wine is fermented ____

Back 59

fruit juice, usually grape

Front 60

First evidence of wine 8,000 - 9,000 years ago in....

Back 60

China

Front 61

In 1860, grapevines in France were infested with a ___ ____. The U.S. sent over root stocks, and the Europeans ____ the healthy branches onto the U.S. stocks. The U.S. stocks were healthy because they ____ with the ___ ___.

Back 61

root aphid, grafted, evolved, root aphid

Front 62

To make wine, grapes are crushed for juice. ___ ____ is added to kill the bacteria on grapes, because you want fungi, not bacteria. For __ wine, the skins are removed, but for ___ wine the skins stay on until fermentation. ___ is added to ferment the juice and produce ___. The fermentation continues until sugar runs out. ___ is the act of straining to remove the yeast and other particles; the flavor blends after years of aging.

Back 62

sulfur dioxide, white, red, yeast, ethanol, clarification,

Front 63

For _____, wine is bottled and more ___ and ___ is added. ___ is trapped in the bottle (from fermentation) and it is tilted so sediment collects in neck. Neck is frozen in ____ ____ and then the cap and frozen sediment is removed before corking. This can also be called: _____

Back 63

champagne, yeast, sugar, CO2, liquid nitrogen, disgorgement

Front 64

ingredients of beer (3)

Back 64

water, barley malt, hops

Front 65

malt is sprouted ___ grains that have been dried. To make them, soak them in water, let them sprout because ___ is broken down into ___ to form an embryo and make it sweeter. The sprouted grains are heated to ___ degrees Celsius to ____ and sterilize them before they are ground into malt powder.

Back 65

barley, starch, sugars, 200, kill,

Front 66

Hops is a vine in the ____ family (cannabaceae) but do not contain ___. The ___ are in clusters, and each is covered by leaf with ___ on it. Provides a ___ flavoring to the beer to counteract malt.

Back 66

marijuana, THC, flowers, glands, bitter

Front 67

To brew beer, add ___ to water and grain to make ____. This reactivates the __ in the grains. It sits for 2 - 6 hr to break down the ___. The liquid is drained and filtered to produce ___. This is boiled with ___ stop ____ breakdown and sterilize.

Back 67

malt, mash, enzymes, starch, wort, hops, starch

Front 68

To ferment beer, ___ is added to wort to break down ___ and make ___ and CO2. Goes to about ___%, so sugars are left. Most U.S. beer is ____ to kill yeast, ___ is re-added before bottling.

Back 68

yeast, sugars, ethanol, 6, pasteurized, CO2

Front 69

To make LIGHT beer, change amount of time and temp for making ___, results in carbs that are easily broken down by ___. More carbs converted to ethanol, so diluted before bottling

Back 69

mash, yeast

Front 70

Distillation: water - alcohol mixture heated up until ___ boils (lower than 100 degrees C), its then ___ to make pure alcohol.

Back 70

alcohol, condensed

Front 71

Whiskey: ferment malted barley grain to produce ___, then ____ to produce pure alcohol. Dilute to ____%.

Back 71

beer, distill, 80 - 95%

Front 72

Proof

Back 72

2x concentration of alcohol

Front 73

Scotch is ___ malt heated over ___

Back 73

barley malt heated over peat moss

Front 74

Bourbon

Back 74

Made from corn, aged in new barrels

Front 75

Tennessee sour mash whiskey

Back 75

made from corn, some old mash mixed with new (Jack Daniels)

Front 76

Irish whiskey is made from ___ with ___ added.

Back 76

barley malt with wheat or rye added

Front 77

Vodka is made from ...

Back 77

grain or potatoes

Front 78

gin is flavored with ...

Back 78

juniper

Front 79

rum is from...

Back 79

sugarcane

Front 80

tequila is from..

Back 80

agave plants

Front 81

absinthe is made from ___ (scientific name too)

Back 81

wormwood, artemisia

Front 82

Absinthe is made by adding ___ for 1/2 day, then adding ___ and distilling, then adding more ___.

Back 82

ethanol, water, wormwood

Front 83

absinthe is served with a ___ ___ on a slotted spoon above glass. You pour ___ water over the ___, which dilutes the absinthe and changes the color from ___ to ___.

Back 83

sugar cube, cool, sugar, green, yellow

Front 84

absinthe contains ___ which causes tremors, convulsions and was once thought to cause ___. It was outlawed in the U.S. in ____ but now it is legal if it does not contain it.

Back 84

thujone, hallucinations, 1912

Front 85

earliest evidence of use of medicinal plants is ____ years ago

Back 85

60,000 (neanderthal buried with plants with medicinal uses)

Front 86

Ruma

Back 86

Egyptian carving: Polio as a kid, survived, has a wife and child, saying thank you to Gods for saving him with herbs

Front 87

Discorides wrote ____ ____ ___in ____ in 400 BC. Gave recipes for 1,000 drugs. This was the prototype for first ______ (books of drugs and how to use them)

Back 87

De Materia Medica, Greece, pharmacopoeias

Front 88

____ ___ in 1450 helped with dissemination of knowledge and produced fewer mistakes of ____ (books listing plants effective for certain illnesses)

Back 88

printing press, herbals

Front 89

Paracelsus (1500) believed in the ____ of ____, which stated that....

Back 89

Doctrine of Signatures, God put plants on Earth for human use, and the use was indicated by signs from the plant. This resulted in a medical stagnation for one hundred years because to contradict Paracelsus was to go against God.

Front 90

Active ingredients of medicinal plants are _____ _____

Back 90

secondary products (not things that plants actually use, use probably to ward off attack or function in anti - herbivory, antibacterial, antifungal)

Front 91

Alkaloids are most common in ___, ___, and ___ families. Contain ___, almost all are ____, taste ___.

Back 91

bean, tomato, coffee, nitrogen, alkaline, bitter

Front 92

Three types of glycosides

Back 92

cyanogenic, cardioactive, saponins

Front 93

Cyanogenic glycosides release ___ when broken down. Examples are ___ ___.

Back 93

cyanide, stone fruit (pits)

Front 94

Cardioactive glycosides act on ___ muscle. Example is ___.

Back 94

heart, digitalis

Front 95

Saponins cause ___ irritation and ___. Example is ___.

Back 95

gastric, anemia, yam

Front 96

Digitatlis is also called ____. It contains ___ and ____, which both affect the heart. ___ and ___ heartbeat, increases ____ ___ and ____, and can cause _____ (heart to beat erratically).

Back 96

foxglove, digoxin, digitoxin, slows, strengthens, blood pressure, circulation, arrhythmia

Front 97

Salix is a ___ and produces ___ __ from bark, used in ____. It is an anti - ____, ____ (reduces fever) and an ____ (painkiller)

Back 97

willow, salicylic acid, aspirin, inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic

Front 98

Cinchona is a tree whose bark produces _____ which is the cure for ___.

Back 98

quinine, malaria

Front 99

Rauwolfia is also called a ____, produces ____ that is a depressant is effective as a tranquilzer for ____ and is used to treat high ___ ___. Its side effects include ____.

Back 99

snakeroot, reserpine, schizophrenia, blood pressure, depression

Front 100

Aloe is a _____ (alkaloid or glycoside) from ____ that's used to treat ______. It speeds healing and may act as a ____ if taken internally.

Back 100

glycoside, leaves, cuts/burns/rashes, laxative.

Front 101

Ephedra grows a lot in _____. It contains _____ (Glycoside) that is a ____ but also a ____ (hence Morman tea). It is the main ingredient in Sudafed. People died from Ephedra in ___ ___ supplements, so FDA banned in 1994, but now legal in small doses thanks to suit by _____

Back 101

China, ephedrine, decongestant, stimulant, weight loss, Neutroceutical

Front 102

___ is an alkaloid also called Madagascar periwinkle leaves. It contains ___ and ___, which is an effective treatment of ___ and ___ although natives used it to treat diabetes.

Back 102

cantharanus, vinblastine, vincristine, leukemia, lymphoma

Front 103

____ is also known as Pacific yew bark produces ____ (glycoside), which is an effective treatment of __ and __ cancers. Synthesized in ____ because of concerns of overharvesting.

Back 103

Taxus, taxol, ovarian, breast, 1994

Front 104

___ is also called the Chinese happy tree and produces ____ (glycoside) which had terrible side effects. There are now compounds with fewer side effects and treats advanced ___ cancer and ____ colon and rectal cancers

Back 104

Camptotheca, camptothecin, ovarian, metastatic

Front 105

Discorea is ___, produces ____ (glycoside), and is a precursor to ____, which is used in bc pills and fertility drugs. It also produces ___ which reduces swelling and is used to treat allergic reactions, arthritis, etc.

Back 105

yam, diosgenin, progesterone, cortisone

Front 106

____ is also called the deadly nightshade. Produces ___ (alkaloid) which is used to dilate ___, prevent ___ sickness, decrease ___ during oral surgery and prevent ____.

Back 106

Atropa, atropine, pupils, motion, saliva, bed-wetting

Front 107

Food Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 said...

Back 107

drugs must be labeled with directions for safe use.

Front 108

FDA label requirements

Back 108

must be truthful, non - misleading, and must describe how the supplement alters the structure or function of your body

Front 109

ecology definition

Back 109

study of organisms and their environments

Front 110

Population vs. community vs. ecosystem

Back 110

members of species living in given area vs. several pop. living in a given area vs. communities and their surroundings

Front 111

definition of primary producers

Back 111

autotrophs, produce food. Plants and other photosynthesizers: take light energy and convert it to usable chemical energy

Front 112

definition of primary consumers

Back 112

heterotrophs, herbivores, second tier up in ecosystem, 10% energy in primary producers passed

Front 113

definition of secondary consumers

Back 113

heterotrophs, carnivores, third tier up in ecosystem, 10% energy from primar consumers passed,

Front 114

Biomagnification is the ___ and ____ of toxin along the food chain. One example is ____, which is an insecticide that is soluble in ____ that causes shell thinning in birds. From plankton to small ___ to large __ to bird.

Back 114

transfer, concentration, DDT, lipids, fish, fish

Front 115

a ___ is a group of similar ecosystems covering a large area and found on more than 1 continent

Back 115

biome

Front 116

deserts have less that ___ cm/yr precipitation, soil is ___ poor, and there are ___ plants, adapted to conserve water

Back 116

25, nutrient, few

Front 117

We grow ___ in deserts because it is ____ - ____, tolerant of ____ soil and ___ conditions, and an excellent source of ____ ____.

Back 117

kenaf, fast growing, saline, dry, paper pulp

Front 118

____ get between 25 - 75 cm/yr precipitation, often found in continental ____ and the dominant vegetation is ___.

Back 118

grasslands, interiors, grasses

Front 119

____ is produced through burning, respiration and decomposition. It is taken up by plants through ____ and oceans also store huge quantities of ___.

Back 119

CO2, photosynthesis, carbon

Front 120

greenhouse effect

Back 120

burning of fossil fuels accelerates CO2 release, which is a greenhouse gas that traps heat in the atmosphere and warms up the earth

Front 121

permafrost and heating up

Back 121

ground that does not thaw out typically is now melting --- releases CO2 as it melts and also was the foundation for bridges, pipelines, and roads.

Front 122

species shift

Back 122

organisms are able to live further and further north because it is getting work, but they outcompete species that would normally live in those areas. Also, events that typically occur in the spring are occurring earlier and earlier, i.e. catepillars coming out 15 d before oak leaves and therefore dying

Front 123

___ have greater than 75 cm/yr precipitation, a lot of trees, a lot of variation

Back 123

forests

Front 124

Deforestation and weather patters

Back 124

trees evaporate a lot of water to cool plants and to get picked up by clouds and air currents where it is taken to rain in other temperate areas. without trees, water stays in the ground, and affects weather patterns.

Front 125

Clearcut

Back 125

All trees in an area are cut down in order to get to the marketable trees, and wasting the nonmarketable trees.

Front 126

Deforestation and topsoil

Back 126

lot of nutritious soil is being lost because trees aren't there to hold it in place and it is eroding into the water

Front 127

carbon footprint

Back 127

all of the greenhouse gases caused directly or indirectly by an individual, country, etc.