Bio Exam Stems

Front 1

Herbaceous stems are made of

Back 1

And epidermis, vascular tissue, and either ground tissue or cortex and pith.

Front 2

Permits gas exchange

Back 2

Protective layer covered by a water conserving cuticle

Front 3

Stomata

Back 3

Permits gas exchange

Front 4

Pith, cortex

Back 4

A ground tissue at the center of the herbaceous you to cut them that consist of large, then world parenchyma cells that function primarily in storage.

Front 5

Herbaceous eudicot stem arrangement

Back 5

Have the vascular bundles arranged in a circle (cross-section), and have a distinct cortex and pith.

Front 6

Monocot Stem arrangement

Back 6

Have vascular bundles scattered in ground tissue

Front 7

Spongy mesophyll layer

Back 7

This layer contains cells with chloroplasts and is a major site of photosynthesis.

Front 8

Upper epidermis layer

Back 8

A single layer of clear cells that allows light to pass through and prevents the loss of water.

Front 9

Palisade layer

Back 9

This layer contains long columnar cells that are packed tightly together. These cells contain chloroplasts and are the main cells carrying out photosynthesis.

Front 10

Lower epidermis layer

Back 10

A single layer of clear cells that contains stomates and guard cells.

Front 11

Stomate

Back 11

An opening in the lower epidermis that allows carbon dioxide into the leaf and water and oxygen out of the leaf. Transpiration is the loss of water by a leaf.

Front 12

Guard cells

Back 12

Pairs of these cells containing chloroplasts are found on the lower epidermis of the leaf and are responsible for forming stomates. During the day these cells produce sugar by photosynthesis, causing their walls to curve inward and away from each other and creating a space between the cells called a stomate. At night the process is reversed and the stomate closes.

Front 13

Air space

Back 13

__ _____ are found in the spongy mesophyll layer and function in the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen.

Front 14

Xylem in Vascular Tissue

Back 14

Vessel Members: Water & mineral transport, support. Mostly in advanced angiosperms

Tracheids: Water & mineral transport, support. Mostly in gymnosperms and lower angiosperms

Sclerenchyma Cells: Fibers & Sclereids: support, protection

Xylem Parenchyma Cells: storage, short distance transport

Laticifers: secretion, storage of secondary metabolites

Resin & Gum Duct Epithelial Cells: secretion

Front 15

Phloem In Vascular tissue

Back 15

Sieve Tube Members & Companion Cells: transport of sugars, organic nitrogen compounds, and growth regulators in angiosperms

Sieve cells, Albuminous Cells: transport of sugars, organic nitrogen compounds, and growth

Sclerenchyma Cell: Fibers, Sclereids: support, protection

Phloem Parenchyma Cells: storage and short-distance transport

Laticifers: secretion and storage of secondary metabolites

Resin & Gum Duct Epithelial Cells: secretion

Front 16

Rhizomes

Back 16

A horizontal shoot that grows just below the surface. Vertical shoots emerge from axillary bud.Bulbs

Front 17

Bulbs

Back 17

Vertical underground shoots consisting mostly of enlarged bases of leaves that store food.(eg:onion)

Front 18

Stolons

Back 18

Horizontal shoots that grow along the surface. Enable a plant to reproduce asexually, as plantlets form at nodes along each runner(eg: strawberries)

Front 19

Tubers

Back 19

Enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons specialized for storing food(eg: potatoes)

Front 20

Relationship

Back 20

A stem is an organ consisting of an alternating system of nodes and internodes, Many plants have modified stems

Front 21

Eudicot vs monocot stem

Back 21

Front 22

dicot vs monotcot

Back 22