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34 Cards in this Set

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How does DNA acetylation regulate gene expression? What is the mechanism behind it?

By neutralizing the positive charge making histones no longer bind to neighboring chromosomes. Chromatin become less compact and more easily accessible to transcription proteins.

Describe in detail how transcription can be regulated.

Repressors bind to introns on the DNA strand, slowing the polymerase progress and expression of the gene.



Activators can change the structure of the DNA to make the polymerase and the promoter more attracted to each other, encouraging the genetic expression.

Name three mechanisms for Translation regulation in detail!

1.Enzyme induction: When a molecule induces the expression of an enzyme, causing it to increase expression.


2.Viruses, using collinear systems regulated by anti-terminators or splicing modulators to regulate during the early or late stages.


3. Heat shock proteins increase tempurature by folding over and over, the increase of heat increases genetic activity

What are miRNA's?

Micro RNA's, small noncoding RNA molecules that function during post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.

What role does Ubiquitin play?

It tags defective proteins in a single polypeptide chain

What are proteasome?

It breaks down the proteins that have been tagged by ubiquitin.


What is a proto-oncocegen?

A normal gene that regulates programmed death of cells, but when mutated it becomes an oncogene which is cancerous.

What is a tumor suppressor gene?

A gene that codes for proteins that prevent uncontrolled cell growth, like cancerous cells.

What is a kenase?

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specified molecule.

What is a phosphatase?

This enzyme removes a phosphate group from it's substrate; the opposite of kinase.

What are chromatids?

one of two sides of a chromosome, each composed of one DNA molecule.

What is a Centromere?

The center connector of two sister chromatids, during mitosis the spindle fibers bing to the centromere by the kinetochore.

What is a kinetochore?

The protein structures on chromatids where spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull sister chromatids apart.

What is a chromosome?

The organized package DNA wrapped around histones. The chromosomes are the x shaped structures.

What is the function of cohesions?

A protein complex that regulates the seperation of sister chromatids during Mitosis and Meiosis.


It holds the chromatids together until the passing of metaphase where the chromatid begins to seperate.

What is the difference between kinetochore microtubules and nonkinetochore microtubules?

Kinetochores are the protein structure on chromesomes where spindle fibers attach to pull chromatids apart. Non-kinetochores elongate the cell during anaphase.

What is cyclin?

Protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle.


What is a CDK?

A protein kinase that is constant, and only active when it attaches to cyclin, they regulate the cell cycle. The kinase adds Phosphate groups.

What are homologous chromosomes?

One mother and one father chromesome that pair up with each other during meiosis

What are sister chromatids?

Basically one half of an identical chromosome.


What are Karyotypes?

What an entire grouping of chromosomes is called.

Whats the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes?

Autosomes are somatic chromesomes that control the body characters, sex chromosomes determine the sex of the individual. Humans have 44 autosomes and two sex chromosomes.

Whats the difference between haploid and diploid?

Diploid is two sets of DNA in a cell, whereas Haploid is one set. haploid is reffered to as "n" and diploid is "2n". 46 diploid and 23 haploid.

What is synapsis?

The pairing of homologous chromosomes prior to segregation and allows crossing over to occur. Takes place during prophase 1 of meiosis.

What is the synapotemal complex?

Protein that mediates sister chromatid pairing,synapsis, and recombination.

What is crossing over?

The exchanging of genetic material between homologous chromosomes resulting in the mixing of parental genes in offspring.

What is a chiasma?

The pont where homologous (non-sister) chromatids exchange genetic material during crossing over. Because the genetic material is identical, it causes no changes in the offspring. It is visible during prophase 1 in meiosis.

What are three mechanisms explaining genetic variation in detail?

1. Crossing over- when a little piece of genetic material is exchanged between chromesomes at one end.


2.Mutation- when an organism undergoes a spontaneous genetic change during replication. The chemical composition triggers a change in the genetic information.


3. Gene flow is when genes are passed from populations that are distanced apart. They prevent mutation occurrences.

What is a silent mutation?

A nucleotide-pair substitution that has no observable effect on phenotype.

What is a non-sense mutation?

A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in shorter non-functional protein.

What is a missense mutation?

A nucleotide pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino-acid.

What is a frameshift mutation?

Mutation occuring when nucleotides are inserted or deleted from a gene and the number inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in improper grouping of nucleotides.

What is a polyribesome?

The more ribosomes there are, the more RNA can enter creating more protein.

What is amioacyl-tRNA?

The specific tRNA that delivers the amino acid into the polypeptide chain.