Bio Exam Ii

Front 1

Potential Energy

Back 1

Stored Energy

Front 2

Kinetic Energy

Back 2

Energy of motion

Front 3

Energy

Back 3

Ability to do work

Front 4

First law of thermodynamics

Back 4

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another

Front 5

Second law of thermodynamics

Back 5

You cannot convert energy from one form to another without a "loss" of energy in another form...not really lost

Front 6

Entropy

Back 6

Measure of disorder or randomness...living things constantly reduce entropy

⬆️entropy=⬆️disorder

Front 7

Metabolism

Back 7

Sum of all chemical reactions in a cell...reactants->products

Front 8

Reactants

Back 8

Causes reaction to occur

Front 9

Products

Back 9

Results of the reaction

Front 10

Free energy

Back 10

Energy available after accounting for entropy

Front 11

Exergonic reactions

Back 11

Energy is released from the reaction

I.e. degradation or hydrolysis

Front 12

Endergonic reaction

Back 12

Uses energy for reaction to occur

I.e. synthesis or dehydration

Front 13

ATP

Back 13

Adenosine triphosphate...the only form of energy a cell can use....found in the phosphate bonds

Front 14

Coupled reactions

Back 14

When energy released from one chem rx is used for another chemical rx

Front 15

Functions of ATP

Back 15

Chemical work...synthesis

Transport work...active Transport

Mechanical work...movement

Front 16

Enzymes

Back 16

Lower energy of activation.

Composed of proteins.

Function as a catalyst.

Front 17

Factors of enzymatic speed

Back 17

Temperature

Concentration

Substrate

pH

Front 18

Denature

Back 18

Permanently changing a proteins shape

Front 19

Oxidation

Back 19

Losing hydrogen

Photosynthesis: H2O -> O2

Cell. Resp.: C6H12O6 -> 6CO2

Front 20

Reduction

Back 20

Gaining hydrogen

Photosynthesis: CO2 -> C6H12O6

Cell. Resp.: 6O2 -> 6H2O

Front 21

Electron Transport System

Back 21

Move an electron from photosystem II to photosystem I

Front 22

Chemiosmosis

Back 22

Movement of ions across a semipermiable membrane against the concentration gradient...produces ATP by pushing Hydrogen out

Front 23

Where in a leaf does photosynthesis occur?

Back 23

Chloroplast

Front 24

Stromata

Back 24

Allows O2, CO2, and H2O to pass through

Front 25

Chloroplasts

Back 25

Place that photosynthesis occurs

Front 26

Mesophyll

Back 26

Contains the chloroplast

Front 27

Composition of chloroplasts

Back 27

Double layer membrane filled with stoma and contains grana which is made of thylakoid membrane

Front 28

Light dependent rx

Back 28

Produces ATP and NADPH

Occurs in grana

Front 29

Light independent rx

Back 29

Creates G3P to create carbohydrates

Occurs in stroma

Front 30

Photsystem II

Back 30

Rips water apart and produces ATP

Front 31

Photosystem I

Back 31

Produce high energy electron and NADPH

Front 32

Calvin Cycle

Back 32

Doesn't require light.

Carbon fixation, carbon reduction, generation of RuBP

Front 33

Carbon fixation

Back 33

CO2 + RuBP becomes 6 C molecule and is broken into 2 3PG

Front 34

Carbon reduction

Back 34

2 3PG gets ATP AND NADPH added to it to make 2 G3P

Front 35

Regeneration RuBP

Back 35

5 carbon sugar used to start the cycle over again

Front 36

Cellular Respiration parts

Back 36

Glycolysis, transition rx, citric acid cycle, electron transport.

Front 37

Glycolysis

Back 37

Occurs in cytoplasm.

C6H12O6+2ATP=2G3P

2G3P-2NADH-4ATP=2 pyruvate

Front 38

Transition rx

Back 38

Occurs in matrix 2 times

Piruvate+ATP-CO2-NADH=2 acetyl CoA

Front 39

Citric Acid Cycle

Back 39

Takes acetyl CoA and breaks it into 2 separate carbons

Front 40

Electron transport

Back 40

Disposes O2 by being the last electron acceptor

Front 41

Cell cycle

Back 41

G1, s, g2, cell division

Front 42

G1

Back 42

Protein synthesis

Front 43

S

Back 43

DNA synthesis

Front 44

G2

Back 44

Protein synthesis

Front 45

M

Back 45

Nuclear division

Front 46

Checkpoints

Back 46

Occurs to make sure everything is correct

Front 47

Apoptosis

Back 47

Occurs when there is an error and the cell kills itself

Front 48

Chromosomes

Back 48

Long DNA chains

Front 49

Chromatin

Back 49

DNA and histone protein

Front 50

Diploid number

Back 50

Number of chromosomes

Front 51

Chromatid

Back 51

One half of a chromosome a duplicate making it sister chromatid

Front 52

Centromere

Back 52

Holds the two sister chromatids together

Front 53

Centriole

Back 53

Produces microtubules that pull halves of the chromosomes apart...located at poles of the cell

Front 54

Mitosis phases

Back 54

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase

Front 55

Prophase

Back 55

Forms chromosomes, rips apart cell membrane and creates centrioles

Front 56

Metaphase

Back 56

Lines up chromosomes and centriole produce spindle fibers

Front 57

Anaphase

Back 57

Chromosomes are pulled apart and to opposite poles

Front 58

Telephase

Back 58

Membrane is formed around chromatids

Front 59

Cytokinesis

Back 59

Cleavage furrow starts to form and one cell becomes two identical cells