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121 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What lead to the distruction of the single kingdom protista
DNA sequencing
How could you classify the kingdom protista
paraphyletic
commonalities between protists
1). Most are unicellular
Why do we consider the single celled protist complex
Because they must preform all of the basic functions of a multicellular organism
What are the nutritional methods of protists
1)Photoautotrophy (Photosynthetic)
2) Heterotrophy (Ingestive)
3) Mixotrophy (Absorptive)
Where do most protists live
in water
Explain the process of endosymciosis thoroughly
It is the process in which a certain unicellular organisms engulfed other cells, which became endosymbionts and ultimately organelles in the host cell.
What is some modern day evidence of endosymbiosis
1) The double membrain surrounding mitochondria or cloroplast
2) All eukaryotes studied either have mitochondria or show signs that they did.
3)The DNA of the plastids in red and green alge resemble that of cyanobacteria
What is a nucleomorph
a vestigial nucleaus from the engulfed organism in a symbiotic relationship
After secondary symbiosis how many membraines should there be ( Use the case of green alge)
4 One from the plasma membraine from the green alge and two around the cyanobacteria and another one from the food vacuole in the heterotroph
Defining factors about Diplomonadida (the diplomonads) and Parabsala ( the parabasalids)
they lack plastids, and their mitochondria do not have DNA, electron transport chains, or enzymes needed for the citric cycle.
Where do Diplomonads and Parabasalids live
in anaerobic environments ( without oxygen)
Defining factors about Diplomonads concerning Nuclei and Flagella
They have two nuclei and multiple flegella
Differences between prokaryotic flagella and Eukarotic flagella
Eukaryotes have flagella consisting of bundles of microtubules covered by the cell's plasma membrane where as Prokaryotic flagella are filaments composed of globular protein flagellin attached to the cell's surface.
An example of Diplomonads is
Giardia a parasite the is collected by drinking water contaminated with fecies
What is the most well-known Parabasalid
the Trichomonas Vaginalis which is a paracite that feeds off of the epithelial cells of the vagiana
The life styles of the organisms in the clade Euglenozoa include
Photoautotrophes
Heterotrophes
Parasites
What are the distinguishing attributes of the clade Euglenozoa
1) The presence of a spital or crystalline rod of unknown function inside their flagella
2) disk shaped mitochondrial cristae
Two best-studied groups of Euglenozoans are
Kinetoplastids and euglenids
Distinguishing factors of Kinetoplastids
They have a single large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast
How do Kinetoplastids eat
They are hetertrophs and Parasites
Where do Kinetoplastids live
They live in freshwater, moist terrestrial ecosystems and in animals
What is unique about KInetoplastids surface protein
they are able to change it
Distinguishing factors about Euglenids
1) They have a pocket at one end of the cell from which one or two flagella emerge ( like a hair follicle)
2) They also carry Paramylon which is a glucose polymer that functions as a storage molecule
How do Euglenids eat
Most are autotrophic but when there is a lack of light they can eat by phagocytosis and become heterotrophes
What Clade is characterized by membrane-bounded sacs just under the plasma membrane?
Alveolata
What are the three groups Alveolata includes
1.) Flagellates (dinoflagellates)
2.) Parasites (apicomplexans)
3.) Protists (ciliates)
How does the group in Alveolata that has protists move
cillia
Where are Dinoflagellates found
in freshwater phytoplankton
Are most dinoflagellates multicellular
no most are unicellular and some are colonial
which species of Alveolates have "armor" and what is this armor composed of
Dinoflagellates
and the armor is composed of two flegella located in perpendicular grooves. which makes them spin in the water.
What is the cause of a red tide
a dinoflagellate bloom ( episode of explosive population growth)
The red color comes from the pigmentation of the dinoflagellates
what is the cause of glowing water
some dinoflagellates are biolumeniessant and give off light when the water is disturbed by organisms that feed on them ( light attracts fishes to feed on those predators lol)
these are symbiotes of coral polyps because their photosynthetic output is the main food for reefs
dinoflagellates
all of this group are parasites of animals and in some cases people
Apicomplexans
what is the infectious cell that Apicomplexans use to spread through their hosts
Sporozoites
why are they called (api)complexans
1)because at the apex of the cell they contain a group of organelles that are specalized to penetrate the hosts cells and tissues
2) because they have nonphotosynthetic plastid called the apicoplast
What is a famous type of Apicomplexan
Malaria
Are apicomplexans photosynthetic
no
How does a two host life style of an apicomplexan run
check pg 556
What is a group in the clade of ALveolata that is named after the way they move
ciliates
In the species of Ciliates how much of the organism is covered in cilia
the entire organism,or it may be clustered in a few rows of tufts
What are the two ways that the ciliates move
by clusters of cilia that is scattered around the body or by leg like structures that are made by cilia that has been bonded together
how many types of nuclei do ciliates have and what are they
2 and they are macro and micro nuclei

a cell may have one or more nucleus of each type
How do ciliates reproduce and how does this affect the macronucleus
they divide by binary fission and a sexually

and the macronucleus elongates and seperates instead of mitotic division
how do ciliates achieve genetic variation
conjugation a process in which two ciliates exchange micronuclei explained on pg 557
What is the clade that is characterized by the fine hair like projections located on their flagellum that is some species is associated with a smooth(nonhairy)flagellum
Stramenopila
OOmycetes,Diatoms,Golden Algae and Brown Algae are all members of the clade
Stramenopila
What is the main type of organism included in the Oomycete species
water molds, rusts, and mildews
What clade were Oomycetes associated with and what are their similarities with this clade
Fungi
many Oomycetes have multinucleate filaments that resemble fungal filaments
What are the differences betwen fungi and Oomycetes
1)Oomycetes typically have cell walls the consist of cellulose where as fungi are of chitin 2)Oomycetes are diploid fungi are reduced
3)Oomycetes have flagella
4)Molecular schematics said that they are not a like
Oomycetes are not photosynthetic
yes
How do Oomycetes aquire nutrients
they are decomposers
How did the Oomycete change history
potato blight in ireland
How does the reproduction of Oomycetes work
pg 559
Which species consists of a glass like wall that is made of hydrated silia
Diatoms
What is the purpose of the wall in Diatoms
The wall protects them from predators
How is the diatoms shoe box shape used in reproduction
they usually go through mitosis in which the daughter cell is given half of the parent cell wall and has to regrow the other half
Sexual reproduction is not common in Diatoms if true how does it occur
true when it does occure it involves eggs and sperm
What is larmin and what is another thing Diatoms use in the same way
Larmin is a glucose polymer used to store food Diatoms also use oil for this
Why do diatoms fossilize so easily
because of thei hard cell walls
What species is used for nano technology
Diatoms
How does golden alge achieve its color
from its yellow or brown carotenoids
Are all golden algae species photosynthetic
no some are mixotropic by digesting food particles or absorbing organic compounds
If the cell density of certain golden algae exceeds a certain level what happens
they form cysts and can survive for decades in this doorment form
What is the largest and most complex species of algae
Brown Algae
Some of brown algae are multicellular and others are colonial
false all are multi-cellular
This species has brown or olive color carotenoids
Brown Algae
Brown Algae is also reffered to
seaweeds
Brown algae has traits analgus to ?? and homologus to ??
analgus to plants in it organs and tissues homologus to golden algae in its carotenoids for pigment
What is a thallus
This is a seaweed body that is plant-like
How does a thallus differ from plants
it does not have true roots, stems, and leaves
what is the root like structure in a thallus
the holdfast
In a thallus what does the stipe resemble
a stem
what is the leaf like structure in a thallus
the blades
what is another name for giant seaweed
kelp
What are the two diffenent ways that algae can have alteration of generations and how do they work
1) Heteromorphic in which the sporophytes and the gametophytes are structurally different
2) Isomorphic in which the generations of sporophytes and gametophytes have a different number of chromosomes
how is the brown algae suited for intertidal conditions
the cell walls of the plant are composed of cellulose and a gel forming polysaccaride which cushions the thalli (thallus) from the waves and reduces drying
What is an extension that may bulge from virtually anywhere on the cell surface
pseudopodia
What clade is characterized by its thread like pseudopodia
Cercozoans
What is an amoeba
it is an organism that moves and feeds via pseudopodia
The organisms Chlorarachniophytes and foraminiferans are in what clade
Cercozoans
What organism has thread like pseudopodia but is not in the clade Cercozoans
Radiolaria
What are Foraminiferans named after
their porous shells called tests
What are the pseudopodia in Foraminiferans used for and how do they exit
they exit through the holes in the shells
they are used for formation of tests, feeding, and swimming
How do the foraminiferans eat
through the products of the photosynthetic algae that live inside the tests
What organism in the clade cercozoan has a symbiotic relationship
foraminiferans
Where do foraminiferans live
in fresh water and on rocks algae and in sand
Foraminiferans fossilize well
true
What organism is defined by its tests that fuse to form one delicate peice that is mostly made of silia
radiolarians
Axopodia are found in foraminiferans
no they are found in radiolarians
what is the purpose of axopodia
is captures and dtarts the digestion process of prey
why do foraminiferans make good fossils
because of the calcium carbonate walls
What is the destinguishing factor of the clade Ameebozoans
they have pseudopodia that are lobe shaped
Gymnamoebas, Entamoebas, slime molds, Plasmodial slime molds, and Cellular slime molds are all members of what clade
Amoebozoans
What makes Gymnamoebas unique
they are heterotrophs
What makes Entamoebas unique
they are paracites that infect all classes of vertabretes as well as some invertabretes
What is the only Entamoeba species that is known to be a paracite to humans
E. histolytica
What were slime molds mistaken to be
fungi
What characteristics do slime molds and the thing they were mistaken with have in common
1) they produce fruting bodies that aid in spore dispursal
In the clade Ameboezoan slime molds are seperated into what two things
Plasmodial slime molds and Cellular slime molds
What is a distinguishing characteristic of Plasmodial slime molds
they are brightly colored and at one stage in their life cycle they form a mass called plasmodium
What is Plasmodium
it is a single mass (not multicelled) that is formed by a single mass of cytoplasm that is undivided by membranes that contains many nucli
How is Plasmodium formed
by nuclear divisions not followed by cytokinesis most of the divisions are syncronus meaning that thousands happen at once
When do the fruiting bodies form
when the slime mold does not have any more food once this happens it stops growing and starts to form fruiting bodies
What happens when a cellular slime mold runs out of food
it forms a aggragate that functions as a unit and it moves to find food
How does the aggragate differ from plasmodium
the aggragate has cells that are seperated by a cell wall plasmodium is one continuous cell
both the plasmodial slime mold and the cellular slime mold are diploid
false the cellular slime mold is a haploid organism except the zygote
which of the two have fruiting bodies that reproduce asexually plasmodial slime mold or the cellular slime mold
the cellular slime mold
Why arent all the cells in the cellular slime mold cheaters and what is the advantage to becoming a cheater
the non cheaters are able to regonize a cheater and they will not aggregate with them the advantage to being a cheater is that they do not die in the stalk and always become part of the fruiting body
In what ways could you call a slime mold a "fungus animal" in what ways could you not call them that
They are like funguses in the way that they form fruiting bodies and spores and they are like animals in the way that they move and ingest food but they are genetically different from the two
Why is red algae red
it is from an acessory pigment called phycoerythrin that masks the color of chlorophyll
What is the relationship between water depth and color in red algae
the deeper they are the darker the red is
What is the purpose of the red coloration
it allows them to absorb the color blue as well which helps them to survive at deeper depths
how is red algae different from other algae
they have no flagellated stages in their life cycle and they depend on water currents to bring their gametes together
what are green and red algae most closely related to
plants
What are the two groups of green algae
chlorophytes and charophyceans
What are some distinguishing traits of chlorophytes
they are biflagellated multicellular organisms
Do chlorophytes or charophyceans for symbiotic relationships
chlorophytes and they for relationships with eukaryotes like foams and they also form relationships with fungi to form lichens
How did larger size and greater complexity evolve in cholorphytes
1)formation of colonies of individual cells
2) repeted division of cells with no cytoplasmic division
3)The formation fo true multicellular forms by cell division and cell differentation
How do chlorophytes reproduce
sexually except for those that do conjugate reproduction