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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What lead to the distruction of the single kingdom protista
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DNA sequencing
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How could you classify the kingdom protista
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paraphyletic
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commonalities between protists
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1). Most are unicellular
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Why do we consider the single celled protist complex
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Because they must preform all of the basic functions of a multicellular organism
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What are the nutritional methods of protists
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1)Photoautotrophy (Photosynthetic)
2) Heterotrophy (Ingestive) 3) Mixotrophy (Absorptive) |
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Where do most protists live
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in water
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Explain the process of endosymciosis thoroughly
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It is the process in which a certain unicellular organisms engulfed other cells, which became endosymbionts and ultimately organelles in the host cell.
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What is some modern day evidence of endosymbiosis
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1) The double membrain surrounding mitochondria or cloroplast
2) All eukaryotes studied either have mitochondria or show signs that they did. 3)The DNA of the plastids in red and green alge resemble that of cyanobacteria |
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What is a nucleomorph
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a vestigial nucleaus from the engulfed organism in a symbiotic relationship
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After secondary symbiosis how many membraines should there be ( Use the case of green alge)
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4 One from the plasma membraine from the green alge and two around the cyanobacteria and another one from the food vacuole in the heterotroph
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Defining factors about Diplomonadida (the diplomonads) and Parabsala ( the parabasalids)
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they lack plastids, and their mitochondria do not have DNA, electron transport chains, or enzymes needed for the citric cycle.
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Where do Diplomonads and Parabasalids live
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in anaerobic environments ( without oxygen)
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Defining factors about Diplomonads concerning Nuclei and Flagella
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They have two nuclei and multiple flegella
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Differences between prokaryotic flagella and Eukarotic flagella
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Eukaryotes have flagella consisting of bundles of microtubules covered by the cell's plasma membrane where as Prokaryotic flagella are filaments composed of globular protein flagellin attached to the cell's surface.
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An example of Diplomonads is
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Giardia a parasite the is collected by drinking water contaminated with fecies
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What is the most well-known Parabasalid
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the Trichomonas Vaginalis which is a paracite that feeds off of the epithelial cells of the vagiana
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The life styles of the organisms in the clade Euglenozoa include
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Photoautotrophes
Heterotrophes Parasites |
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What are the distinguishing attributes of the clade Euglenozoa
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1) The presence of a spital or crystalline rod of unknown function inside their flagella
2) disk shaped mitochondrial cristae |
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Two best-studied groups of Euglenozoans are
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Kinetoplastids and euglenids
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Distinguishing factors of Kinetoplastids
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They have a single large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast
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How do Kinetoplastids eat
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They are hetertrophs and Parasites
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Where do Kinetoplastids live
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They live in freshwater, moist terrestrial ecosystems and in animals
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What is unique about KInetoplastids surface protein
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they are able to change it
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Distinguishing factors about Euglenids
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1) They have a pocket at one end of the cell from which one or two flagella emerge ( like a hair follicle)
2) They also carry Paramylon which is a glucose polymer that functions as a storage molecule |
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How do Euglenids eat
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Most are autotrophic but when there is a lack of light they can eat by phagocytosis and become heterotrophes
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What Clade is characterized by membrane-bounded sacs just under the plasma membrane?
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Alveolata
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What are the three groups Alveolata includes
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1.) Flagellates (dinoflagellates)
2.) Parasites (apicomplexans) 3.) Protists (ciliates) |
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How does the group in Alveolata that has protists move
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cillia
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Where are Dinoflagellates found
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in freshwater phytoplankton
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Are most dinoflagellates multicellular
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no most are unicellular and some are colonial
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which species of Alveolates have "armor" and what is this armor composed of
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Dinoflagellates
and the armor is composed of two flegella located in perpendicular grooves. which makes them spin in the water. |
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What is the cause of a red tide
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a dinoflagellate bloom ( episode of explosive population growth)
The red color comes from the pigmentation of the dinoflagellates |
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what is the cause of glowing water
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some dinoflagellates are biolumeniessant and give off light when the water is disturbed by organisms that feed on them ( light attracts fishes to feed on those predators lol)
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these are symbiotes of coral polyps because their photosynthetic output is the main food for reefs
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dinoflagellates
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all of this group are parasites of animals and in some cases people
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Apicomplexans
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what is the infectious cell that Apicomplexans use to spread through their hosts
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Sporozoites
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why are they called (api)complexans
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1)because at the apex of the cell they contain a group of organelles that are specalized to penetrate the hosts cells and tissues
2) because they have nonphotosynthetic plastid called the apicoplast |
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What is a famous type of Apicomplexan
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Malaria
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Are apicomplexans photosynthetic
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no
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How does a two host life style of an apicomplexan run
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check pg 556
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What is a group in the clade of ALveolata that is named after the way they move
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ciliates
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In the species of Ciliates how much of the organism is covered in cilia
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the entire organism,or it may be clustered in a few rows of tufts
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What are the two ways that the ciliates move
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by clusters of cilia that is scattered around the body or by leg like structures that are made by cilia that has been bonded together
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how many types of nuclei do ciliates have and what are they
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2 and they are macro and micro nuclei
a cell may have one or more nucleus of each type |
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How do ciliates reproduce and how does this affect the macronucleus
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they divide by binary fission and a sexually
and the macronucleus elongates and seperates instead of mitotic division |
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how do ciliates achieve genetic variation
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conjugation a process in which two ciliates exchange micronuclei explained on pg 557
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What is the clade that is characterized by the fine hair like projections located on their flagellum that is some species is associated with a smooth(nonhairy)flagellum
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Stramenopila
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OOmycetes,Diatoms,Golden Algae and Brown Algae are all members of the clade
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Stramenopila
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What is the main type of organism included in the Oomycete species
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water molds, rusts, and mildews
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What clade were Oomycetes associated with and what are their similarities with this clade
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Fungi
many Oomycetes have multinucleate filaments that resemble fungal filaments |
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What are the differences betwen fungi and Oomycetes
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1)Oomycetes typically have cell walls the consist of cellulose where as fungi are of chitin 2)Oomycetes are diploid fungi are reduced
3)Oomycetes have flagella 4)Molecular schematics said that they are not a like |
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Oomycetes are not photosynthetic
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yes
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How do Oomycetes aquire nutrients
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they are decomposers
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How did the Oomycete change history
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potato blight in ireland
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How does the reproduction of Oomycetes work
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pg 559
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Which species consists of a glass like wall that is made of hydrated silia
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Diatoms
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What is the purpose of the wall in Diatoms
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The wall protects them from predators
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How is the diatoms shoe box shape used in reproduction
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they usually go through mitosis in which the daughter cell is given half of the parent cell wall and has to regrow the other half
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Sexual reproduction is not common in Diatoms if true how does it occur
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true when it does occure it involves eggs and sperm
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What is larmin and what is another thing Diatoms use in the same way
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Larmin is a glucose polymer used to store food Diatoms also use oil for this
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Why do diatoms fossilize so easily
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because of thei hard cell walls
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What species is used for nano technology
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Diatoms
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How does golden alge achieve its color
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from its yellow or brown carotenoids
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Are all golden algae species photosynthetic
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no some are mixotropic by digesting food particles or absorbing organic compounds
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If the cell density of certain golden algae exceeds a certain level what happens
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they form cysts and can survive for decades in this doorment form
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What is the largest and most complex species of algae
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Brown Algae
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Some of brown algae are multicellular and others are colonial
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false all are multi-cellular
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This species has brown or olive color carotenoids
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Brown Algae
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Brown Algae is also reffered to
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seaweeds
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Brown algae has traits analgus to ?? and homologus to ??
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analgus to plants in it organs and tissues homologus to golden algae in its carotenoids for pigment
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What is a thallus
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This is a seaweed body that is plant-like
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How does a thallus differ from plants
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it does not have true roots, stems, and leaves
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what is the root like structure in a thallus
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the holdfast
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In a thallus what does the stipe resemble
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a stem
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what is the leaf like structure in a thallus
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the blades
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what is another name for giant seaweed
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kelp
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What are the two diffenent ways that algae can have alteration of generations and how do they work
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1) Heteromorphic in which the sporophytes and the gametophytes are structurally different
2) Isomorphic in which the generations of sporophytes and gametophytes have a different number of chromosomes |
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how is the brown algae suited for intertidal conditions
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the cell walls of the plant are composed of cellulose and a gel forming polysaccaride which cushions the thalli (thallus) from the waves and reduces drying
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What is an extension that may bulge from virtually anywhere on the cell surface
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pseudopodia
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What clade is characterized by its thread like pseudopodia
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Cercozoans
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What is an amoeba
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it is an organism that moves and feeds via pseudopodia
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The organisms Chlorarachniophytes and foraminiferans are in what clade
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Cercozoans
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What organism has thread like pseudopodia but is not in the clade Cercozoans
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Radiolaria
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What are Foraminiferans named after
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their porous shells called tests
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What are the pseudopodia in Foraminiferans used for and how do they exit
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they exit through the holes in the shells
they are used for formation of tests, feeding, and swimming |
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How do the foraminiferans eat
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through the products of the photosynthetic algae that live inside the tests
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What organism in the clade cercozoan has a symbiotic relationship
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foraminiferans
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Where do foraminiferans live
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in fresh water and on rocks algae and in sand
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Foraminiferans fossilize well
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true
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What organism is defined by its tests that fuse to form one delicate peice that is mostly made of silia
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radiolarians
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Axopodia are found in foraminiferans
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no they are found in radiolarians
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what is the purpose of axopodia
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is captures and dtarts the digestion process of prey
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why do foraminiferans make good fossils
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because of the calcium carbonate walls
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What is the destinguishing factor of the clade Ameebozoans
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they have pseudopodia that are lobe shaped
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Gymnamoebas, Entamoebas, slime molds, Plasmodial slime molds, and Cellular slime molds are all members of what clade
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Amoebozoans
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What makes Gymnamoebas unique
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they are heterotrophs
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What makes Entamoebas unique
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they are paracites that infect all classes of vertabretes as well as some invertabretes
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What is the only Entamoeba species that is known to be a paracite to humans
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E. histolytica
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What were slime molds mistaken to be
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fungi
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What characteristics do slime molds and the thing they were mistaken with have in common
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1) they produce fruting bodies that aid in spore dispursal
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In the clade Ameboezoan slime molds are seperated into what two things
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Plasmodial slime molds and Cellular slime molds
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What is a distinguishing characteristic of Plasmodial slime molds
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they are brightly colored and at one stage in their life cycle they form a mass called plasmodium
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What is Plasmodium
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it is a single mass (not multicelled) that is formed by a single mass of cytoplasm that is undivided by membranes that contains many nucli
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How is Plasmodium formed
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by nuclear divisions not followed by cytokinesis most of the divisions are syncronus meaning that thousands happen at once
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When do the fruiting bodies form
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when the slime mold does not have any more food once this happens it stops growing and starts to form fruiting bodies
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What happens when a cellular slime mold runs out of food
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it forms a aggragate that functions as a unit and it moves to find food
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How does the aggragate differ from plasmodium
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the aggragate has cells that are seperated by a cell wall plasmodium is one continuous cell
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both the plasmodial slime mold and the cellular slime mold are diploid
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false the cellular slime mold is a haploid organism except the zygote
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which of the two have fruiting bodies that reproduce asexually plasmodial slime mold or the cellular slime mold
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the cellular slime mold
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Why arent all the cells in the cellular slime mold cheaters and what is the advantage to becoming a cheater
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the non cheaters are able to regonize a cheater and they will not aggregate with them the advantage to being a cheater is that they do not die in the stalk and always become part of the fruiting body
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In what ways could you call a slime mold a "fungus animal" in what ways could you not call them that
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They are like funguses in the way that they form fruiting bodies and spores and they are like animals in the way that they move and ingest food but they are genetically different from the two
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Why is red algae red
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it is from an acessory pigment called phycoerythrin that masks the color of chlorophyll
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What is the relationship between water depth and color in red algae
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the deeper they are the darker the red is
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What is the purpose of the red coloration
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it allows them to absorb the color blue as well which helps them to survive at deeper depths
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how is red algae different from other algae
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they have no flagellated stages in their life cycle and they depend on water currents to bring their gametes together
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what are green and red algae most closely related to
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plants
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What are the two groups of green algae
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chlorophytes and charophyceans
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What are some distinguishing traits of chlorophytes
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they are biflagellated multicellular organisms
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Do chlorophytes or charophyceans for symbiotic relationships
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chlorophytes and they for relationships with eukaryotes like foams and they also form relationships with fungi to form lichens
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How did larger size and greater complexity evolve in cholorphytes
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1)formation of colonies of individual cells
2) repeted division of cells with no cytoplasmic division 3)The formation fo true multicellular forms by cell division and cell differentation |
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How do chlorophytes reproduce
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sexually except for those that do conjugate reproduction
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