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75 Cards in this Set

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1st law of thermodynamics

Energy is in different forms

2nd law of thermodynamics

A statement concerning the transformation of potential energy into heat

How is energy derived from an ATP molecule

Breaking bond of ATP release energy

Would breaking of bonds or throwing books off a bookshelf be considered a 2nd law of thermodynamics? Explain

Yes, because breaking bonds equal stability

Water moving quickly down a stream is considered which type of energy

Kinetic energy. Motion or movement is kinetic

You climb a large hill with your sleigh, and then wait at the top for your friend to push you? Which type of energy will be released after the energy your friend uses to push you

Kinetic energy

What is entropy

A measure of the randomness or disorder of a system

You have reactant 1 & you combine it with reactant 2. After waiting 5 minutes nothing ocvured. How would activation energy be involved with this reactant

You have activation energy which is not overcome

Adding energy to a reaction is what type of reaction? What about energy that is released?

Adding energy is known as endergonic. Exit energy is known as exorgonic energy is energy that is released

What are anabolic reactions? Is this type of reaction more closely related to exorgonoc or endergonic reaction? What about catabolic or catabolism reaction?

Anabolic reaction requires energy to build something this is endergonic with catabolic it breaks things down release energy exergonic

You have 4 enzymes in a biochemical pathway. The initial substrate binds to enzyme 1 & produces intermediate Substrate A. When this intermediate binds to enzyme 2 nothing occurs/produced. Will this reaction still be considered a biochemical pathway?

Biochemical pathway 4 enzymes for it to occur initial substrate must occur through all bioenzymes

You have to have whole pathway

In redox reactions, the reactant losing the electrons is given what name? What about the reactant gaining electrons?

Losing electrons is oxidized, gaining electrons is reduced reaction

Which above reactants contains more energy when the chemical reaction is complete?

Reduced reaction

How do hetetrophs gain energy? How about autotrophs?

Autotrophs make their own energy, hetetrophs can't make their own energy

In glycolysis which molecule is the end product?

2 molecules of pyubrate

Glycolysis occurs in which area of the cell?

Outside mitochondria, cytoplasm

When & how is lactic acid formed?

Lactic acid is formed at the end of glycolysis, this occurs in muscle tissues when the muscle tissues release energy for muscle contraction via anaerobic respiration, that is when no oxygen is involved in the release of energy to the muscle cells

Name the organism that will go through the process of ethanol fermentation?

Yeast go through ethanol fermentation alchcol byproduct

How is chemiosmosis generated?

Chemiosmosis is how we make ATP


6 carbon molecule of glucose when electrons are stripped, proton & hydrogen move too. Electron acceptors have to dump protons & electrons then hydrogen are dumped move through ATP synthase pump make ATP

Main occurance in glycolysis

Priming- break 2 molecules of ATP


glucose has a phosphate on each end phosphate gets dumped ATP-ADP


Cleavage- 6 carbon into 2, 3 carbon 3PG-BPG


Oxidation and ATP formation BPG makes pyubrate 2, BPG 2 pyubrate end result= 4 ATP

Which electron transport molecule must be regenerated in order for glycolysis to continue?

Electron transport generate electron carrier takes electron- NAD, NADH has to be regenerate dump electrons to get more electrons

Deamination of this amino acid ultimately produces pyruvate

Deamination can use amino acid glutomae can be transformed to pyuvrate

Fatty acid B-oxidation will ultimately move into which step of oxidation and form which intermediate?

Fatty acid will transform into a cytocoenzyme A goes into Krebs cycle

List the 2 most prevalent electron acceptors

NAD + FADH

Explain dehydrogenation

Hydrogen strip, process of hydrogen moving with electron

List the area of the nicotinamide (NAD) molecule that allows for recognition? Which part of the molecule allows for the redox reactions to occur?

NAD 2 Part molecule connected by phosphate bottom part of molecule for recognition bottom part of adininephosphate top where redox reaction occur called tinomidmine monophosohate

Eukaryotic cells theoretically produce how many ATP after loss is taken into account? How many ATP do bacteria form?

30, leaky membrane

How many ATP do bacteria form

36

In the Krebs cycle how is citrate formed?

1) glycolysis, 2) pyruvate 3) pyubrate oxidation =cytocoenzyme A


Cell resp> kreb cycle


Cytocoenzyme A+ oxidize = citrate

In feedback mechanism, that keep oxidation of glucose in check, name the molecule that ATP binds to in order to regulate glucose production?

Molecule ATP binds to get glucose

List steps of oxidation

Glycolysis, pyuvrate oxidation, Krebs cycle, chemiosmosis.

Explain the difference between ligand, receptor protein, and signal transduction

Ligand is message, single transduction is physiology response, cell A reduce ligand, Cell B receptor protein accepts ligand

Movement of a ligand through a gap junctions is considered which type of signaling pathway

Synaptic pathway

The endocrine system uses what system in order to circulate hormones?

Cardiovascular /blood

Which system/structure directs the endocrine system?

Hyprocamulus

A cell that can act on itself for a signal transduction is called? A nearby target cell fall under which signaling pathway?

An autocrine

Explain a chemical synapse?

A close association that allows chemical communication between neurons

A receptor that is found distant is called which type of signaling?

Paracrine

Why are protein kinases important? Name the molecule that attaches to protein kinases?

Important because it accepts ligands. Protein kinease A is responsible for essentially all of the cellular responses due to the cyclic AMP second messenger system

Protein kinease do what

Hold all diff enzymes

Why are phosphorylation & Dephosphorylating reactions important?

Phosphorylation may open up an enzymes active site, allowing it to perform chemical reactions

Which are 2, regions a membrane receptor can be located

In or out of cell

Change of ion concentration is the characteristics of which receptor type

G protein coupled receptor

How do G proteins work?

They work when ligand membrane goes elsewhere on plasma membrane to change ion concentration which control cell ligand binds to receptor G protein goes elsewhere

Dimerization is found with which type of receptor

Tyrosine receptor kinaise

Which type of receptor activates GDP

Tirrosyre ligase

Intracellular ligands have which properties? What about extracellular ligands?

Considered lipid soluble, extracellular ligands can't get into cell binds outside of cell. Ligand lipid soluble and hydrophobic has to be inside of cell

Which role do coactivators have on signal transduction pathways?

Coactivators have a signal transduction pathway same ligand response dependent on coactivator determines response


FSH coactivators is tristophrobe makes sperm. Coactivator is estrogen which makes eggs or ovulles


Coactovator needed to make response

Mitogen Activated Proteins is associated with which type of sequencing protein?

Associated w/ kiniase

Characteristics of single trabsductions in MAP Ptoteins

Amplified effects, map protein use kinase

G protein coupled receptors can signal which secondary messenger?

1) adoline Cycloaise 2) phospholipase

Which secondary messenger is associated w/ kidney ? How about the release of calcium from the rough er?


Adnolinesyphose

Name the process of cell division in bacterial cells?

They divide by binary fissionDivide make 2, new cells you need to form a septum which enables cell to break into 2 new cells

In order for a bacterial cell to divide into 2, what must be formed?

Binary fission

Coiling of DNA around a histone protein forms what structure?

Shorten DNA strands by his tone protein have ability to wrap or shorten Dna forms nucleusome

Where are centriomeres

In middle of cell

What are solenoids

They are stacks of nucleosomes that shorten chromosomes

When are sister chromosomes formed?

When DNA is formed

If you have 40 sister chromatids, how many haploid chromosomes do you have?

20. Haploid formed by half chromosomes

How are sister chromatids held together?

Cohesion cromosomes

Lust the sequence of the cell cycle

1) interphase 2) mitosis

DNA is replicated in which portion of the cell cycle?

S stage or phrase

Explain the difference between metaphase & prophase

Metaphase- when the chromosome become attached to the spindel fiber



Phrophase- the phase of cell division that begins when the condensed chromosomes become visible and ends when the nuclear envelope breaks down.

What occurs during plant cell cytokinesis?

The part of cell division process during the cytoplasm of a single eukarotic cell divides into 2 daughter cells

The cell cycle is regulated by which protein

Cdks

List the checkpoint and which stages of the cell they inhibit

G1 s & G2N. They are control mechanisms in eukaryotic cells which ensure proper division of the cell

List the role of APC complex. If the complex fails what would occur?

The complex is a protein complex that causes M cyclins to be destroyed starting in anaphase if chromosomes can't split then you get screwed up cells

Which protein complex repairs damaged DNA?

B53

Meiosis has 2, main purposes. What are they?

Mix up DNa, get to maploid number

Mitosis is what

Sexually producing cells

What is the main difference between mitotically divided cells versus meiosis

Miolsis has 2, haploid numbers

What is a zygote

Sperm and ovaries unite 2 things form in fertilization

A zygote receives genetic info from which source?

Fraternity test material

How many chromosomes do haploid and diploid cells contain

Diploid whole set, haploid half set

Explain crossing over ? How is this different from independent assortment?

Cross over mixes up gene pool @kismota, and it has a more genetic variety