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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DNA is a polymer of what monomer? what are the 3 types of the monomer?
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Nucleotides.
1. Phosphate group 2. Sugar(deoxyribose) 3. N-Containg Base |
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What are the 4 bases used in DNA and which base pair with each other?
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Purines(2 rings): Adenine(A) and Guanine (G)
Pyrimidines(1 ring): Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T) (A) TO (T) (G) TO (C) |
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Why do carbon numbers on nucleotide sugars have a prime on them?
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To differentiate from base numbers
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What reaction connects nucleotides to make a nucleic acid?
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Hydrogen bond
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Backbone of DNA?
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Phosphate and Sugar
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What is at the 5' end and what is at the 3' end of a nucleic acid strand?
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5' = Phosphate group/// 3' = OH group
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Directionality of reading sequence
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5' to 3' (TACG)
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Who won the nobel prize for DNA model (who else would have won and why didn't she?)
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Watson, Crick, Wilkins (Franklin because she died)
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What was Chargaff's discovery? How did he predict which bases pair?
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DNA base composition by realizing the number of guanines equaled the number of cytosines and vise versa for Adenine and thymines?
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What are other terms for replication?
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Copying, Duplication, and Synthesis
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Is newly synthesized DNA both old, both new or different and is the semiconservative, conservative, or dispersive?
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One old and one new.... Semi conservative
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Compare origins of replication between eukaryotes and bacteria.
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Bacteria have single origins of replication due to circular chromosome. Eukaryotes are linear so have multiple origins of replication.
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Enzyme that synthesizes DNA
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Helicase
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Ending of enzymes?
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-ase
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Energy source of DNA synthesis
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he phosphate bonds on the nucleotide triphosphates provide the energy.
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what need to be there to start the replication. what is it made of. what enzyme puts it there.
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Primer. RNA. Primase
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Direction of DNA Synthesis
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5' to 3'
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what does leading strand do?
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Go same direction as replication fork
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what does lagging strand do
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Go opposite way of replication fork
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Role of Helicase
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Separate the old DNA into 2 strands
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role of Ligase?
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Correctly attach adjacent fragments in lagging strand.
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What are telomeres and where do you find them
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Repeat sequences at the end of eukaryotic DNA
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what happens to cell division when telomeres get too short?
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no more replication
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function of telomeres?
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protect the gene
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what do telomerase do?
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attach copies of DNA to the ends of chromosomes
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is telomerase present in adults
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yes it just decreases with age
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why must DNA be organized?
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because Because it is hundreds of millions base pairs long
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what protein does DNA wrap around
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Histone
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why does DNA attach to histone?
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negative charge of DNA phosphate group to positive charge of protein in histone
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when do mutations occur
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DNA replication
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what do genes code for?
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prtoteins
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what do proteins determine?
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structure and function of cell
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central dogma of gene expression
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DNA---Transcription---RNA---Translation---Protein
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transcription?
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DNA to RNA
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Translation?
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RNA to polypeptide(protein)
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what is the promotor?
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Initiation factor binding site
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how can promoter affect amount of protein made?
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Allow tighter or looser binding of RNA polymerase
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Which DNA strand does RNA base pair with?
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Template strand
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Which DNA strand does RNA have the same sequence?
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Coding strand
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Directionality of RNA synthase
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5' to 3'
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exons?
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coding sequences that connect
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introns?
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Non-coding sequences that are removed
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What is the genetic code?
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How DNA is translated into Amino acids
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what is a codon and how many?
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3 nucleotides in mRNA--- 64
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64 codons but only 20 amino acids so what is done to the rest
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To code for amino acids
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what is the name of the bond that connects the amino acid in a polypeptide?
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Peptide bond
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what reaction connects amino acids to make a polypeptide?
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hydrolysis
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reading frame?
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way of dividing the sequence of nucleotide in a nucleic acid
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what is at the end of each tRNA
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anti-codon
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what 2 types of molecules make up a ribosome?
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protiens and RNA
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What is the role of the anticodon in tRNA?
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Pair with codon
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what is the translator in translation
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tRNA
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when do mutations occur
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DNA replication
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what are the three kinds of mutations
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substitutions, insertions, deletion
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what is the rate of mutation in humans after proofreading?
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1 in ever 10 to the tenth power
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difference between spontaneous and induced?
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Spontaneous is caused by abnormalities in biological processes and induced is caused by environmental agents
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3 kinds of chemical mutagens and what do the cause?
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Base analogs- substitution
Base Modifiers- substitutions Flat aromatics- Insertions and deletions |
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what happens in silent mutations
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base substitutions that cause no change
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what happens in missense mutations
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changes one amino acid
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what happens in nonsense mutations
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changes to a stop codon
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what happens in frameshift mutations?
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produces a different amino acid sequence
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somatic cells
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every cell in the body except germ line
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germ line
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cells that give rise to gametes
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