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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Covalent Bonds |
the sharing of a pair of valence electrons. H20 |
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Ionic Bonds |
attraction between oppositely charged ions. Cations + Anions -. NaCl |
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Properties of water for life 1 |
High specific heat allows water to act as a heat sink moderating earths temperature. Retains its temperature after absorbing and losing heat. |
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Properties of water for life 2 |
Floating of ice on liquid water. Because it is less dense as a solid than as a liquid ice floats. Water expands when frozen unable to break hydrogen bonds. |
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Structural Isomers |
compound with same molecular formula but differ in covalent arrangement of atoms. Pentane/2 methyl butane |
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Geometric Isomers |
Have the same molecular formula and covalent bond structure but differ in spatial arrangement of atoms due to the inflexibility of double bonds |
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Enantiomer |
mirror images of each other and differ in shape due to an asymmetric carbon |
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Amino Group |
Acts as a base and can pick up H+ from a surrounding solution. Nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms and a carbon skeleton NH2 |
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Hydroxyl Group |
is polar due to electronegative oxygen. Forms hydrogen bonds with water helping to dissolve compounds such as sugars. A hydrogen atom bounded to an oxygen atom and a carbon skeleton |
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Saturated Fats |
A fatty acid where all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds and the maximum # of hydrogen atoms. Solid at room temperature |
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Unsaturated Fats |
a fatty acid with one or more double bond between carbons reducing the # of hydrogens atoms. Liquid at room temperature |
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Polymer Synthesis |
Polymers are synthesized by condensation reactions called a dehydration reaction when two molecules are covalently bonded to each other resulting in the loss of a water molecule |
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Polymer breakdown |
Polymers are broken down by a chemical reaction called hydrolysis where a water molecule is added breaking the bond between monomers |
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Primary Structure |
the unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide |
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Secondary structure |
the coiling or folding of a polypeptide into a repeating configuration |
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Tertiary Structure |
the overall 3D shape of a polypeptide due to the interactions between the amino acids and r group |
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Quaternary Structure |
the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits |
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Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic |
Prokaryotic cells contain no nucleus and instead keep DNA in the nucleoid. Eukaryotic cells contain a true nucleus bound by a membranous nuclear envelope and are generally larger than Prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells lack membrane bound organelles. |
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Nucleus |
contains the genetic instructions of the cell |
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Lysosome |
can digest macromolecules and carries out intercellular digestion by phagocytosis and autophagy |
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Smooth ER |
synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, stores calcium, and detoxifies poison |
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Rough ER |
Has bound ribosomes and produces proteins and membranes which are then distributed by transport vesicles |
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Ribosomes |
particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein that carry out protein synthesis |
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Golgi apparatus |
modifies products of the rough ER and manufactures certain macromolecules |
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Mitochondria |
are the sites of cellular respiration |
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Chloroplast |
are the sites of photosynthesis |
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Peroxisome |
produces hydrogen peroxide and converts it to water |
