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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four constraints, or challenges, that animals and plants had to face when first moving onto land? How did they deal with them?
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1. Surface area vs. volume!!!!!!!!!! WTF
-Adaptations: Transport systems – in both plants and animals 2. Gravity- feeling heavier. -Adaptations: -Structural support -cellulose (carbohydrate) - plants -collagen (protein) - animals 3. Aridity – “dryness”. Coming from water, onto land, they had to face lack of moisture on their outer membrane (outer tissues) - Adaptations: -water conservation- adapting with a layer of skin over other living tissue. - Change in fertilization (both)- embryonic covering ex: zygote with shell. Caviar →egg (omelet) 4. Salinity- A change from salty ocean water → fresh water -Adaptations: -Change in physiology….wtf does that mean. Development of certain organs. |
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What were the advantages? for plants?
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Ø bright sunlight unfiltered by water and algae
Ø atmosphere had abundance of carbon dioxide Ø soil rich in mineral nutrients Ø at least first, relatively few herbivores or pathogens |
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What were the advantages? for animals?
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No competition
Unlimited resources Warm, moist climate Arthropods first; exoskeletons |
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Know the four characteristics of a chordate. How can we be in the group when we don’t have some of them (like gills)?
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Notochord
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Pharyngeal slits Muscular, postanal tail |
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From the chordate family tree, know the “bar” groups listed at the top of the cladogram in order of inclusiveness, and know the characteristics that evolved in the order in which they evolved. Be able to put the two lists together as much as we discussed in class, and if it was discussed in class, be able to provide an animal name to go with them (like sharks with Gnathostomes and fish with Osteichthyes).
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Chordates - Notochord, craniates - head, vertebrates- vertebral column, gnathostomes- jaws (“gnawing on food”), Osteichthyans- lungs, lobed fins- lobed fins, tetrapods- legs amniotes- amniotic egg, mammals- milk.
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How do we know that by following this family tree in the order that we did that we were slowly “zeroing in” on our own group of animals?
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Because these are all traits that we already have and were just adding on to it, getting closer.
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What are the 3 kinds of tetrapods?
Tetrapods – things that have legs. Tetra means four. Four legged) |
amphibians, reptiles and birds, mammals.
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Which was the first group of vertebrates on land?
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Amphibians
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What are the 2 kinds of amniotes (eggs)?
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Reptiles and mammals
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Which group are we in?
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mammels
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What are two characteristics of mammals that we discussed in more detail (besides the presence of mammary glands)?
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inner ear bones !!!!!
tooth differentiation !! |
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We are in the Order Primates
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MOST HAVE:
grasping appendages relatively large brains and short jaws nails on fingers instead of claws forward-facing eyes complex social behavior well-developed parental care |
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We are in the Order Primates. What does that mean?
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-It means we are most related to other primates such as gorillas.
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What characteristics changed as we zero in closer and closer to modern humans?
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Even bigger brains, less prognathic jaws
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What is biodiversity?
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Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given species, ecosystem, biome, or planet.
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What are some of the ways in which biodiversity can change?
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Adaptive radiations - the diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches ex- plants in rainforest (filled with water, plants in desert (dry area). Changes to fit the environment
Dispersal – spread of a species across barriers. Ex- horses moving from Europe to the Americas. Vicariance – increases diversity due to allopatric speciation EX – mountains separating birds and stuff. Same area different species occurring. Extinction – decreases (and increases?) diversity |
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What are the 6 largest extinction events in the history of life? Which one was the worst (so far)?
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Ordovician
Devonian Permian – worst so far because of how little life was left Triassic Cretaceous Now. |
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What is biotechnology?
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Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use"
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What is genetic engineering, and what is the result?
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-Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology.
- = transgenic organisms = genetically modified organisms (GMOs) |
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We discussed four ways in which we use biotechnology to improve our lives. What are these, and can you think of any others?
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Forensic science- CSI SHIz. Finding criminals through dna.
Agriculture- giant strawberries. Medicine Animals- cloning, growing parts, more useful animals (like beefier cows and fatter pigs) |
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What are some ethical issues of the use of biotechnology?
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Cloning humans
Embryonic stem cells Designer babies “Super weeds” |
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How are the terms form and function related?
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idk
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What are the four types of tissues in an animal? What do they do and how are they characterized?
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Epithelial Connective Nervous Muscle
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What do they do and how are they characterized?
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Epithelial
- surface tissues -for absorption Connective -Cells in a matrix -For support Nervous -Contracts -Moves the body Muscle -cells are neurons -conveys messages |
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What is bioenergetics?
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the flow of energy through an animal.
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Metabolic rate?
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how we study bioenergetics
Endothermy? |
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Endothermy?
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an organism that maintains its body at a metabolically favourable temperature, largely by the use of heat set free by its internal bodily functions instead of relying almost purely on ambient heat
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Endothermy Characteristics
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• Most of heat generated by metabolism
• Body temp. must be constant to sustain life • Lots of energy required • Activity can be intense and of long duration |
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Ectothermy?
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-Such organisms (for example frogs) rely on environmental heat sources,[2] which permits them to operate at very economical metabolic rates.
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Ectothermy characteristics
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Most of heat from environment
• Body temp. can vary (within parameters) • Not much energy needed • Incapable of intense activity over a long time. |
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Why, do you think, metabolic rate is inversely proportional to size?
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The bigger the animal, the more efficient it uses energy.
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What are the four ways in which an animal can gain or lose heat?
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1.Radiation – gain heat- ex-microwave
2.Evaporation – lose heat –ex-sweating 3.Conduction – exchange heat (either gain or lose) ex-pan on stove 4.Convection – Exchange (usually loses heat) |
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What are the four ways an animal can thermoregulate?
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1. Control of heat exchange rate – insulation; vasoconstriction (when your veins constrict to consolidate heat) and vasodilatation (when you spread out your blood in your veins to let out heat)
2. Evaporative cooling - sweating 3. Behavior – working out. Being active. Or sitting still. Sitting in the shade. 4. Metabolic rate change- metabolism, when its hot it slows down, cold-speeds up. |
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What is vasodilation?
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Vasodilation refers to the widening of blood vessels.
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Vasoconstriction?
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the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, particularly the large arteries and small arterioles.
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Countercurrent heat exchange?
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is a mechanism occurring in nature and mimicked in industry and engineering, in which there is a crossover of some property, usually heat or some component, between two flowing bodies flowing in opposite directions to each other.
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What is homeostasis?
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The dynamic constancy of the internal environment.
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Why is it important? It is the constant that we are always working towards. How do we stay in homeostasis? Through Thermoregulation
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Why is it important? It is the constant that we are always working towards. How do we stay in homeostasis? Through Thermoregulation
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What are some of the things we keep at constant levels in our body?
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Heat, blood sugar, blood calcium
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What are the consequences of an increase or decrease in either blood glucose or blood calcium?
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Consequence of high blood sugar levels: Diabetes mellitus; Type I; Type II
Consequence of low blood sugar levels: Hypoglycemia Not enough blood calcium causes: Osteoporosis – bone density diminishes Rickets – locked legs (occurs when lack of blood calcium during development) Tetany – muscle constriction |
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Be able to come up with a negative feedback loop of your own, either biological or not real, including all of the labeled parts. Make sure it is not a cause-and-effect situation, but a loop.
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Thermostat. LOOK AT LOOPPP!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Go clubbing- spend all your money (stimulus), ask parents for money (receptor), parents (control center), they put more money in account (effector), you have money now (homeostasis).
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What are the levels of the organization of life?
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Life is built on successive levels of increasing complexity:
Chemical (or Molecular) Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism |
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What are the 12 body systems and what is the primary function of each?
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Integumentary- skin, nails, hair.
Skeletal- bones Muscular- muscles Nervous-nerves, brain Endocrine-hormone system, tells you youre in love. Gonna have period. Immune-fights for defense (when youre sick) Cardiovascular-blood. Lymphatic- cleans the liquid in your body Respiratory-breath, lungs Digestive-food, stomach Urinary- blood cleaning. Bladder. Reproductive-babies. |
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Why did internal exchange and transport systems evolve in animals? What are some of the advantages of having internal exchange systems?
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Environmental constraints on animal form led to the evolution of internal exchange systems. Size increase led to the evolution of the internal transport system. Advantages- to help regulate the animals inner homeostasis.
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What are some features found in all internal exchange and transport systems in animals?
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All have:
-Epithelial tissue -Gradients All do: -Diffusion -Countercurrent exchange -Take in what the body needs and/or clean out waste products. |
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Compare and contrast the definitions of animals and plants.
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Compare and contrast the definitions of animals and plants.
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Animals:
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1. Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes- digest in order to get energy.
2. No cell walls – structural proteins for support 3. Nervous and muscle tissue 4. Sexual reproduction (usually) 5. Homeotic genes are located in homeoboxes – Hox genes |
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Plants:
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1.Multicellular, autotrophic eukaryotes-make their own energy (photosythesis)
2.Cell walls for support 3.No nervous or muscle tissue 4.Sexual and asexual reproduction Homeotic genes but no homeoboxes (Hox genes |
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Be able to recreate the plant cladogram with the four groups and the four major derived characters that distinguish each branch.
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mosses→ferns→conifers→ flowering plants
mosses- movement onto land alternation of generations. Ferns- VASCULAR TISSUE REDUCED, INDEPENDENT GAMETOPHYTE Conifers-SEEDS, POLLEN MICROSCOPIC GAMETOPHYTE flowering plants-FLOWERS FRUIT |
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Be prepared to draw out or answer questions about the plant life cycle.
What are similarities/differences between animal and plant organ systems, organs, and tissues? |
Plant-
Plants are composed of a hierarchy of: Organ systems (2) Root, Shoot Organs (3) Roots, stem, and leaves. Tissues (3) Epidermal, ground, vascular Cells |
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Be prepared to draw out or answer questions about the plant life cycle.
What are similarities/differences between animal and plant organ systems, organs, and tissues? |
Animals have a ton more of all this. We have 12 organ systems. All those organs in the OS.
Animal: cardiovascular system blood – gases, nutrients Plant: vascular tissue water transport sugar transport Both plants n animals have a transport system. |
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Discuss the evolution of the four-chambered heart in vertebrate animals. How are the various heart structures associated with the respiratory systems of the animals?
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Heart –
Atrium or atria (receiving) Ventricle or ventricles (returning) 3 kinds of blood vessels Arteries (away) Veins (towards) Capillaries LOOK ON SLIDE –slide 15. |
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Trace the pathway of blood from the right ventricle back to the right ventricle.
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Right ventricle --> pulmonary artery-->lung-->pulmonary vein--> left atriam-->left ventricle-->pulmonary artery-->body(capillaries)--> pulmonary vein-->right atriam-->right ventricle
VALV-A-VAB VAV |
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Why do living organisms need to exchange gases with the environment? ?????
Where and what gases are exchanged in plants? ???? |
????
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Describe the countercurrent exchange system found in fish gills.
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As water goes through the gills of the fish, blood is traveling in the opposite direction, oxygen passes through and is exchanged to their blood.
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Compare and contrast negative and positive pressure breathing.
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?????
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How do birds breathe?
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They have another chamber, so they can separate new air from old air. Breathing in birds
–Unidirectional flow; gases are completely exchanged –No pause in gas flow |
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Compare the life of a plant to the life of an animal. What is different, and what is the same?
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Slide 37-45
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Know the different parts of a plants life as discussed in lecture.
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1.Morphogenesis-in both animals and plants
2.Differentiation-Cell differentiation, in both animals and plants 3.Growth- Apical dominance in plants Plants have indeterminate growth, unlike animals 4.Phase changes- Animals: infancy childhood adolescence adulthood Plants: Juvenile Adult vegetative Reproductive 5.Senescence- Aging, senescence |
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What is apical dominance, and why is it important to a plant?
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Apical dominance is the phenomenon whereby the main central stem of the plant is dominant over (i.e., grows more strongly than) other side stems
Important: without this stem, plant growth is limited |
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What happens when you “pinch back” the top buds on a house plant?
What did seeds evolve for? Pollen? Flowers? Fruits? |
To pollinate other generations of plant
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What kinds of signals do plants respond to? What is the general way in which plants respond to signals?
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Circadian rhythms
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What is a “tropism”? A “morphogenesis”?
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-tropism – change in growth in a plant due to an external signal
-morphogenesis – how an external signal affects the form or structure of a plant |
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Be able to describe phototropism, gravitropism, thigmotropism, and the corresponding –morphogenesis.
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Phototropism is the growth of organisms in response to light
Gravitropism is a turning or growth movement by a plant or fungus in response to gravity. Thigmotropism is a movement in which a plant moves or grows in response to touch or contact stimuli. -morphogenesis – how an external signal affects the form or structure of a plant |
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How are plants and animals products of co-evolution?
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?
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innate behavior
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-Innate behavior: born knowing what to do. A skill that they do not have to be taught. Ex: turtle going to ocean, ducks lining up in a line. Fish swimming.
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learned behavior
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-Learned behavior: behavior that is learned lol.
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imprinting
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A process whereby a young animal follow the characteristics of his/her mother after hatching.It can be filial imprinting or followiing a future mating partner.
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Be able to distinguish between proximate causation and ultimate causation.
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-Proximate Causation- what made it happen biologically. Ex- adrenaline pumping in veins to make body run faster.
-Ultimate Causation- The goal im trying to achieve. Ex: getting the fudge away from that bear. |
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How do we discuss cognition in different animal species?
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Cognition is the ability to learn.
ELABORATE |
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Be able to discuss different types of interactions and their costs and benefits to the actors and the recipients.
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????
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How can altruism exist with Darwin’s definition of natural selection?
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Darwinian view- basic idea that life in general is to be the best you can be, have strongest offspring, and pass on as much of your genetic material to offspring. ONLY SEE SELFISHNESS!
Weirdest one is altruism- why would you do some |
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What is relatedness and how does it relate to the above questions?
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You are 100% related to yourself.
You are 50% related to parents Determined by genetics. |
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Be able to state in words what Hamilton’s rule means.
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Came up with in order for any interaction to occur, the benefits have to outweigh the costs.
rB – C > 0 Benefit minus cost must be greater than 0 (don’t need to know formula. |
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What is reciprocal altruism? Come up with some examples of your own.
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-Reciprocal altruism is a behaviour whereby an organism acts in a manner that temporarily reduces its fitness while increasing another organism's fitness, with the expectation that the other organism will act in a similar manner at a later time. Expecting something in return. You scratch my back ill scratch yours.
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What kinds of parent-offspring conflict are there? Discuss the ones we covered in class.
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•Seen at various developmental stages of offspring:
–In utero –Weaning –Sibling rivalry –Growing older (adolescence) -Weaning conflict: At this point, the mother tries to force the infant to cease nursing, while the infant attempts to force the mother to continue. -Sibling rivalry: -Infanticide: the intentional killing of infants. |
