Bio Exam #3, Endocrine

Front 1

What is the function of the endocrine system?

Back 1

The function of the endocrine system is towork with the nervous system to regulateand control other systems and maintainhomeostasis

Front 2

How does the endocrine system work?

Back 2

It releases hormones which travel throughthe body (usually using the bloodstream)to target cells

Front 3

Glands are secretory cells or structures derived from

1. Muscle

2. Connective

3. Epithelial tissue

4. Nervous

Front 4

These glands do not have tubes or ducts, theysecrete hormones directly into blood stream.

1. Exocrine glands

2. Endocrine glands

Front 5

What is a hormone?

Back 5

Hormones are chemical messengers thatare secreted by one cell and travels toanother cell and affects other only thetarget cells that have the correct receptor.

Front 6

What are target cells?

Back 6

Target cells have receptors that bind thehormones

Front 7

What are non target cells?

Back 7

Non-target cells do not have receptors and are unaffected by hormones

Front 8

What is the difference between neurotransmitters and hormones?

Back 8

1. Neurotransmitters only happen in the nerve synapse, while hormones distribute throughout the body in the blood stream.

2. Neurotransmitters act fast while hormones are slow to act

3. Neurotransmitters don't last very long while hormones stay in the body longer

Front 9

What are the two types of hormones?

Back 9

1. Water Soluble (Hydrophilic)

2. Lipid Soluble (Hydrophobic)

Front 10

Are Amino Acids Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic?

Back 10

HYDROPHOBIC

Front 11

Can an amino acid freely cross the plasma membrane?

1. Yes

2. No

Back 11

YES, WITH FACILITATED DIFFUSION

Front 12

What do water soluble (hydrophilic) hormones do?

Back 12

Water soluble hormones bind to a receptor on thesurface of the target cells (ex: muscle cells).

Front 13

What are examples of water soluble hormones?

Back 13

Amino acids and polypeptides are examplesof water soluble hormones

Front 14

What is a secondary messenger?

Back 14

Second messengers are molecules that relay signals received at receptors on the cell surface, and amplify the strength of the signal

Front 15

Where is the receptor in water soluble hormones?

Back 15

The receptor is on the plasma membrane.

Front 16

What is an example of a Lipid soluble (hydrophobic) hormone?

Back 16

Steroids

Front 17

Steroids are…

1. Sugars

2. Proteins

3. Lipids

4. ComplexCarbohydrates

Back 17

LIPIDS

Front 18

Are Steroids Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic?

1. Hydrophilic

2. Hydrophobic

Back 18

HYDROPHOBIC

Front 19

Can steroids freely cross the plasma membrane?1. Yes

2. No

Back 19

YES

Front 20

What do Lipid Soluble Hormones bind with inside a cell?

Back 20

They bind with DNA and activates transcription

Front 21

What is the difference between a Lipid Soluble Hormone and a Water Soluble Hormone?

Back 21

Lipid Soluble takes longer to act than Water Soluble because they cause DNA transcription and translation to make a protien.

Water Soluble DO NOT enter the target cell, they use secondary messengers and Lipid Soluble enter the cell.

Front 22

What does the Hypothalamus do?

Back 22

regulates the internalenvironment through the autonomicnervous system and controls glandularsecretions of the pituitary gland.

Front 23

What hormones do the Hypothalamus produce?

Back 23

1. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

2. Oxytocin

3. hypothalamic-releasinghormones

4. hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones

Front 24

A Diuretic Will Make Your Urine:

1. More dilute

2. More concentrated

Back 24

MORE DILUTE

Front 25

An Antidiuretic Will Make Your Urine:

1. More dilute

2. More concentrated

Back 25

MORE CONCENTRATED

Front 26

Diabetes insipidus

Back 26

Caused by adefciency of ADH, Results in excessive urine production,leading to dehydration

Front 27

What is the function and target of Oxytocin?

Back 27

Function: stimulates uterine contractionduring childbirth and milk release (ejectingmilk from the glands).

Target: Uterus and mammary glands

Front 28

What does the anterior pituitary gland produce?

Back 28

1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

3. Gonadotropic hormones – (FSH and LH)

4. Prolactin (PRL)

5. Growth hormone (GH)

Front 29

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?

Back 29

Anterior and Posterior

Front 30

What does the posterior pituitary gland do?

Back 30

The posterior pituitary gland receives ADHand oxytocin from the hypothalamus,stores these hormones and releases them

Front 31

What is the function and target of the Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

Back 31

Function: stimulates the thyroid gland toproduce thyroxine.

Target: Thyroid gland

Front 32

What is the function and target of the Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

Back 32

Function: stimulates the adrenal cortexto produce cortisol.

Target: adrenal cortex

Front 33

What do Gonadotropic hormones do?

Back 33

stimulate thegonads to produce gametes andhormones.

Front 34

What is the function and target of Prolactin?

Back 34

Function: causes mammary glands todevelop and produce milk.

Target: Mammary glands

Front 35

What is the function and target of the Growth Hormone?

Back 35

Function: promotes skeletal andmuscular growth.

Target: Bones, muscles, and cartilage

Front 36

What is Gigantism and what is the treatment?

Back 36

Gigantism – Too much GH duringchildhood can result in rapid growth andattaining heights of 8 – 9 feet.

Treatment – if caused by a pituitary tumorthen treatment is to remove or reduce thetumor using surgery, radiation orchemotherapy.

Front 37

What is Acromegaly and what is the treatment?

Back 37

Acromegaly – Too much GH inadulthood can result in a thickening ofthe bones of the extremities and face aswell as the tongue.

Same treatment as gigantism

Front 38

What is Pituitary dwarfism and what is the treatment?

Back 38

Pituitary dwarfism – Insufficient GHproduction results in sterility andattaining maximum height of about 4 ft.

Treatment – Administer GH duringchildhood.

Front 39

Which of the following hormones stimulates waterreabsorption by thekidneys?

1. insulin

2. thyroxin

3. ADH

4. calcitonin

Back 39

ADH

Front 40

What hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to producecortisol

1. insulin

2. thyroxin

3. ADH

4. ACTH

Back 40

ACTH

Front 41

Which gland produces oxytocin

1. Anterior Pituitary

2. Posterior Pituitary

3. Hypothalamus

4. Adrenal Cortex

Back 41

HYPOTHALAMUS

Front 42

Which gland produces prolactin

1. Anterior Pituitary

2. Posterior Pituitary

3. Hypothalamus

4. Adrenal Cortex

Back 42

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

Front 43

Where is the thyroid gland located?

Back 43

large gland located belowthe larynx. Requires iodine to makehormones

Front 44

What does the thyroid gland produce?

Back 44

1. Thyroid Hormones (TH):

-Thyroxine (T4)

-Triiodothyronine (T3)

2. Calcitonin

Front 45

What does the thyroid gland do and what does it target?

Back 45

Thyroid Hormones - regulatesmetabolism by stimulating proteinsynthesis, the breakdown of lipids, andthe use of glucose for the production ofATP

Target: most cells in the body

Front 46

What is Simple goiter and what is the treatment?

Back 46

Results in an enlarged thyroid gland. May be caused by a diet deficient iniodine, which is needed for theproduction of TH

Can be treated by iodine supplementsor administration of TH

Front 47

What is Cretinism and what is the treatment?

Back 47

Cretinism is caused by too little TH during fetaldevelopment or infancy. Results in dwarfism and delayed mental andsexual development

Treatment: Administer TH

Front 48

What is Myxedema?

Back 48

Caused by too little TH in adulthood. Results in a condition in which fluidaccumulates in facial tissues and a decreasein alertness, body temperature, and heartrate

Treatment: Administer TH

Front 49

What is Graves’ disease?

Back 49

Caused by an over secretion of TH. Results in an autoimmune disorder due to theproduction of antibodies that mimic the actionof TSH.

Treatment: Administer drug that blocks thesynthesis of TH, thyroid gland may be reducedby surgery or radioactive iodine

Front 50

What does Calcitonin do and what does it target?

Back 50

Calcitonin - lowers blood calcium levels.

Target:

Bones – stimulates osteoblasts (type of bonecells)to deposit calcium.

Kidneys – stimulates kidneys to excrete morecalcium in the urine.

Front 51

What does the Parathyroid gland do and what does it target?

Back 51

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) – functionsto increase blood calcium levels

Targets:

Bone: Stimulates the osteoclasts (typeof bone cell) to release calcium

Kidneys: Stimulates the kidneys toreabsorb calcium

Intestine: Stimulates the intestine toincrease absorption of calcium.

Front 52

What is the target of thyroxine?

1. Bone

2. Muscle

3. Kidneys

4. Most cells in thebody

Back 52

MOST OF THE CELLS IN THE BODY

Front 53

Calcitonin lowers or raises the blood's calcium level?

1. Lowers

2. Raises

Back 53

LOWERS

Front 54

Calcitonin is produced by the

1. Hypothalamus

2. Thyroid

3. Parathyroid

Back 54

THYROID

Front 55

Where are the Adrenal glands located?

Back 55

they sit on top of the kidneys

Front 56

What effect does the presence of epinephrine haveon blood pressure?

1. increases

2. decreases

3. has no effect

Back 56

INCREASES

Front 57

Which of the following affects the adrenal cortex?

1. ACTH

2. TSH

3. FSH

4. Nerves

Back 57

ACTH

Front 58

The complex carbohydrate stored in humans is:1. Cellulose

2. Starch

3. Glycogen

4. Triglycerides

Back 58

GLYCOGEN

Front 59

Where is glycogen stored in the body:

1. Adipose tissue

2. Muscle

3. Liver

4. 2 and 3

Back 59

2 AND 3

Front 60

Which of the following glands secretes cortisol?1. pituitary

2. pancreas

3. adrenal medulla

4. adrenal cortex

Back 60

ADRENAL CORTEX

Front 61

What does glucagon do and what does it target?

Back 61

Glucagon - raises blood glucose levelsof the blood.

Target and effects:

Liver – stimulates the breakdown of glycogen toglucose, and to form glucose from lactic acid

Front 62

What does insulin target and what does it effect?

Back 62

Stimulates transport of glucose into musclecells, white blood cells, and connective tissuecells.

Liver: Inhibits the breakdown of glycogen toglucose

Prevents conversion of amino and fatty acidsinto glucose

Adipose tissue: stimulates formation oftriglycerides from glucose

Front 63

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

Back 63

- caused by the lack ofinsulin or by the inability of cells to respond toinsulin as they should

Front 64

What is Diabetes Type 1?

Back 64

Type 1 diabetes – autoimmune disorderthat causes the pancreas is notproducing enough insulin.

Front 65

What is Diabetes Type 2?

Back 65

Type 2 diabetes - inability of cells torespond to insulin. (cells do not haveenough insulin receptors)

Front 66

What type of diabetes mellitusis caused by thelack of insulin?

1. Type 1

2. Type 2

Back 66

TYPE 1

Front 67

Glucagon _______ the blood glucose levels

1. Lowers

2. Raises

Back 67

RAISES

Front 68

What are the effects of testosterone?

Back 68

During development, testosterone is stimulatesgrowth of male reproductive organs

Responsible for male secondary sexcharacteristics.

Prompts larynx & vocal cords to enlarge.

Responsible for muscular strength of males.

Front 69

What are the effects of Estrogen and Progesterone?

Back 69

During development, stimulates growth of femalereproductive organs

Responsible for secondary sex characteristics.

Necessary for egg maturation.

Regulates ovarian and uterine cycles.

Front 70

What are the effects of Anabolic Steroids?

Back 70

increase in body odor, baldness, acne, breastenlargement in men, kidney disease, decreasedtesticular size, low sperm count, impotence, highcholesterol, high blood pressure, heart damage,liver dysfunction, liver cancer, stunted growth iftaken during development, personality changesincluding rage and delusions.

Front 71

What is the Thymus gland and what does it target?

Back 71

Secretes the hormones: thymosin andthymopoietin which stimulates T-celllymphocyte development – important inimmune system function.

Target: bone marrow

Front 72

What does the Pineal gland do?

Back 72

Secretes the hormone: melatonin

Involved in our daily sleep-wakecycle. (circadian rhythms)

Regulates sexual development.

May play a role SAD – seasonal affectdisorder

Front 73

Which endocrine gland is the most involved in theimmuneresponse?

1. adrenal medulla

2. pancreas

3. thymus

4. ovaries

Back 73

THYMUS

Front 74

What hormones does the kidney release?

Back 74

Erythropoietin – stimulates the bone marrowto produce more red blood cells

Renin – through a series of reactions,stimulates the adrenal cortex to releasealdosterone which increase blood pressure.

Front 75

What is Leptin and what does it do?

Back 75

Leptin is a hormone produced in adiposetissue and effects the hypothalamus to tellthem that they are full and don’t need toeat anymore.