Bio Exam 3

Front 1

Classification of joints -structural

Back 1

Fiberous, Cartilaginous, Synovial

Front 2

Cassification of joints-
functional

Back 2

Synarthroses-immovable
Amphiarthroses- slightly moveable
Diarthroses-freely moveable

Front 3

Synovial joints

Back 3

those joints in which the articulating bones are seperated by a fluid containing joint cavity.
All are freely moveable diarthroses.
ex: limb joints, all joints in the body

Front 4

Synovial joints: general structure

Back 4

articular cartilage, joint (synovial) cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments

Front 5

Synovial joints: friction reducing structures

Back 5

Bursae- flattened, fiberous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid
Tendon sheath- elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon

Front 6

Common body movements

Back 6

Flexion- bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint.
Extension- reverse of flexion; joint angle is increases.
Dorsiflexion & plantar flexion- up & down movement of the foot.
Abduction- movement away from the midline.
Adduction- movement toward the midline.
Cicumduction- movement describes a cone in a space.

Front 7

Special movements

Back 7

Supination & pronation
Inversion & eversion
Protraction & retraction
Elevation & depression
Opposition

Front 8

Types of synovial joints

Back 8

Plane joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, Condyloid or Ellipsoidal joints, saddle joints, Ball & socket joints

Front 9

Synovial joints: Knee

Back 9

largest & most complex joint of the body.
allows flexion, extension & some roation.
Three joints in one surrounded by a single joint cavity.

Front 10

Synovial joints: knee- other supporting structures

Back 10

Anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, medial meniscus, lateral meniscus

Front 11

Synovial joints- Hip (coxal) joint

Back 11

ball & socket joint, head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum, good range of motion, but limited by the deep socket & strong ligaments

Front 12

Synovial joints- Elbow

Back 12

Hinge joint that allows flexion & extention only, Radius and ulna articulate with the humerous

Front 13

Synovial joints- shoulder (glenohumeral)

Back 13

Ball & socket joint in which stability is sacrificed to obtaing greater freedom of movement, head of humerus articulates with the glenoid of the scapula.

Front 14

Shoulder stability

Back 14

Weak stability is maintained by:
thin loose joint capsule, 4 ligaments, tendon of the long head of biceps, which travels through the intertubercular groove & secures the humerus to the glenoid cavity. rotator cuff (4 tendons) that encircles the shoulder joint & blends with the articular capsule.

Front 15

Arthritis-osteoarthritis

Back 15

Most common chronic arthritis; often called "wear & tear", affects women more than men, more prevalent in the aged & is probably related to the normal aging process

Front 16

Arthritis- Rheumatoid (treatment)

Back 16

conservative therapy, progressive treatment, The drug Enbrel -neutralizes that harmful properties of inflammatory chemicals

Front 17

Arthritis- Gouty

Back 17

Deposition of the uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissue, follwed by the inflammation response. Typically affects the joint at the base of the great toe, treatment: colchicine, nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drugs, & clucocorticoids.

Front 18

3 types of muscle tissue

Back 18

Skeletal- responsible for all locomotion,
cardiac-res. for coursing the blood through the body & smooth-helps maintain blood pressure & squeezes or propels substances through organs (ie: feces)

Front 19

4 Functions of muscle tissue

Back 19

Excitability or irritability-the ability to recieve and respond to stimuli
Contractility- the ability to shorten forcibly
Extensibility- the ability to be stretched or extended
Elasticity- the abiltiy to recoil & resume the original resting length

Front 20

Nerve & blood supply

Back 20

each muscle is served by one nerve, an artery, & one or more veins.
contracting fibers require continous delivery of oxygen & nutrients via arteries.
wastes must be removed via veins.

Front 21

Microscopic anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber

Back 21

sarcoplasm has numerous glycosomes and a unique oxygen-binding protein called myoglobin.
fibers contain the usual organelles, myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum, & t tubules.

Front 22

Myofibrils

Back 22

contractile elements
make up most of the muscle volume

Front 23

Sarcomere

Back 23

smallest contractile unit of a muscle
region of myofibril between two successive z discs
composed of myofilaments made up of contractile proteins: thick (myosin) & thin (actin).

Front 24

Myofilaments

Back 24

thick filaments-extend the entire length of an A band
thin- extend across the I band & partway into the A band

Front 25

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Back 25

SR is an elaborate smooth ER that mostly runs longitudinally & surrounds each myofibril.

Front 26

Sliding filament model of contraction

Back 26

in the relaxed state, thin & thick filaments overlap only slightly.
upon stimulation, myson heads bind to actin & sliding begins.
each myosin head binds & detaches several times during contraction, acting like a ratchest to generate tension & propel the thin fil. to the center of the sarcomere.

Front 27

Neuromuscular junction

Back 27

they never touch
Though exeedingly close, axonal ends & muscle fibers are always septerated by a space called the synaptic cleft.
when a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon @ the n.j. voltage regulated calcium channels open & allows ca2 to enter.
ca2 inside the axon terminal causes axonal vesicles to fuse with tht axonal membrane.
the fusion releases ach into the synaptic cleft &diffuses across the s.c. to ach receptors on the sarcolemma.

Front 28

action potential

Back 28

depolarization event that includes polarity reversal of a sarcolemma & the propagation of an action potential along the membrane.

Front 29

3 phases of muscle twitch

Back 29

latent period- first few milliseconds after stimulation when excitation contraction coupling is taking place.
contraction- cross bridges actively form & the muscle shortens.
relaxation- ca2 is reabsorbed into the SR & muscle tension goes to zero

Front 30

2 types of muscle contraction

Back 30

isometric- increasing muscle tension
isotonic- decreasing muscle length .

Front 31

Muscle metabolism: Energy

Back 31

ATP is the only source used directly for contractile activity.
stored: 4-6 seconds
afterwards: regenerated by: creatine phosphate & ADP, anerobic respiration, aerobic respiration.

Front 32

Muscle Fatigue

Back 32

the muscle is in a state of physiological inability to contract.
occurs when: ATP production fails to keep pace with ATP use.
there is a relative defici of ATP causing contractures.
lactic acid accumulates in the muscle, & ionic imbalances are present

Front 33

Muscle activity

Back 33

only 40% of the energy is released in muscle activity as work.
the remaing is given off as heat: 60%.

Front 34

Force of muscle contraction

Back 34

affected by:
the # of muscle fibers contracting, relative size of the muscle, degree of muscle stretch

Front 35

speed of contraction

Back 35

slow oxidative fibers contract slowly, have slow acting myosin ATPases, and are fatigue resistant.
fast oxidative fibers contract quickly, have fast myosin ATPases & have moderate resistance to fatigue
fast glycolytic fibers contract quickly, have fast myosin ATPases & are easily fatigued.

Front 36

Smooth muscle

Back 36

composed of spindle shaped fibers.
lack the coarse connective tissue sheaths of skeletal muscle, but have fine endomysium.
organized into 2 layers of closely apposed fibers.
found in walls of hollow organs (except the heart).
lacks neuromuscular junction
innervating nerves have bulbous swellings called varicosites.
no visible striations & no sarcomeres.
think & thin filaments are present.

Front 37

Single unit

Back 37

The cells of single unit smooth muscle commonly called visceral muscle contract rhythmically as a unit, electrically coupled to one another via gap junctions, often exhibit spontaneous action potentials, are arranged in opposing sheets and exhibit stress relaxation response

Front 38

Multi unit

Back 38

Are found in large airways to the lungs, large arteries, arrector pili muscles, attatched to hair follicles, in the internal eye muscles

Front 39

Multi unti

Back 39

include rare gap junctions, infrequent spontaneous depoloraizations, strucurally independent muscle fibers, a rich nerve supply which with a number of muscle fibers, forms motor units, graded contractions in response to neural stimuli.

Front 40

Prime movers

Back 40

provide the major force for producing a specific movement

Front 41

antagonist

Back 41

oppose or revers a paticular movement

Front 42

synergists

Back 42

add force to a movement
reduce undesirable or unneccessary movement

Front 43

fixators

Back 43

synergists that immobilize a bone or muscles origin

Front 44

Naming skeletal muscles

Back 44

Location of muscle, shape of muscle, relative size, direction of fibers

Front 45

lever

Back 45

a rigid bar that moves on a fulcrum, or fixed point

Front 46

first class lever

Back 46

the fulcrum is between the load & the effort
ie: shovel
(advantage & disadvantage)
ie: nodding (fulcrum is ear, load is on chin & effort is on forhead)

Front 47

2nd class lever

Back 47

the load is between the fulcrum & the effort
ie: scissors
(advantage & disadvantage)
Ie: jumping (fulcrum is on ball of foot, effort is on leg & load is on bottom of foot)

Front 48

3rd class lever

Back 48

the effor is applied between the fulcrum & the load
ie: tweazers
(disadvantage)
ie: lifting weights (load is on hand, effort is on biceps & fulcrum is on elbow)