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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cultural inputs to obesity
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-sedentary lifestyle
-increased work hours -lowest cost per food unit, but highest health care cost -unhealthy diets -child marketing |
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how many calories per pound of fat
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3500 calories per pound
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obesity reality
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-people become obese when enough food and leisure are available to cause imbalance between intake and expen.
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definition of obesity
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20% overweight.. BMI over 30.
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anorexia
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-weight loss of 15% of greater
-inappropriate use of laxatives etc. -intake restrictions -no menstruation -muscle atrophy -loss of fatty tissue -low blood pressure -cavities -yellow skin -depression |
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fats
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accumulate in adipocytes (fat cells) to form adipose tissue.
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triglyceride
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glycerol+ 3 fatty acids
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trans fats
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-rare in plant and animal sources.
-produced in partial hydrogenation of oils to make processed foods -increase LDL (Bad) and reduce HDL (Good) |
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Good fats v bad fats
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-most healthy: monounsaturated plant oils- lower LDL levels
-less healthy: saturated plant oils-increase LDL -Worse: trans fats- raise LDL in the bloodstream |
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cholesterol
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-steroid, like estrogen and testosterone.
-vital component of animal membranes. -not found in plants, so vegetable oils are beneficial |
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Good cholesterol vs bad
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-Low density Lipoprotein: bad, made in liver and delivered to bloodstream where it can stick to artery walls
-high density lipoprotein: good, transported to liver then excreted in urine. HDL/LDL ratios are used to measure risk of heart disease |
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multiphasic
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-cholesterol
-triglycerides -hdl -ldl -vldl -ratio |
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Men v Women cholesterol
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Men predictors:
-high ldl -low hdl -high cholesterol women: -cholesterol/hdl ratio |
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how to avoid heart disease and stroke
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-lower cholesterol
-excercise elevates hdl -lower levels of ldl |
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leptin
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origin: fat cellcs
destination: hypothalamus decrease appetite |
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ghrelin
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in the lining of stomach
go to the brain increase appetite sets based on stomach contents. |
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ob and db
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ob encodes the hormone leptin
db encodes leptin receptor |
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leptin
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controls appetite and metabolic rate
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prader willi syndrom
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chromosome 15.. short arm deleted
can eat themselves to death. unusually high grehlin levels |
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blood circulation
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1/3 cup pumped per contraction
14,000 pints per day 10 pints per minute recirculation ever 2 min |
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blood pumping
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out: from left ventricle through left atrium, oxygenated from pulmonary veins. out descending aorta or out top to head and arms.
in: inferior vena cava or superior, to right ventricle to atrium to pulmonary arteries. |
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cardiac cycle
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diastole- relaxation of ventricles
systole- contraction of ventricles |
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key terms
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myocardium- the heart
pericardium- fluid filled sac enclosing the heart atrium- passes blood to ventricle ventricle- sends blood out to body four one way valves: tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic oxygen supply to the heart: right coronary artery, left anterior descending coronary artery, circumflex coronary artery |
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Heart nodes
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sinoatrial node- pacemaker of the heart. fires atria
atrioventricular node- fires ventricles .1 sec after atria |
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heart disease
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ischemia- holding in check of the flow of blood. heart is starved for oxygen. cannot pump effectively. cannot provide contractions.
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hardened heart
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atherosclerotic plaque- does not cause heart attack
rapid clot formation at a plaque seals off artery causes heart muscles to die. myocardial infarction- heart attack. |
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plaque
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excess LDL clings to arterial walls. fat makes foam cells. fatty layer hardens.
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heart attacks
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-angina pectoris (mild)- predecessor of a true heart attack.
-myocardial- artery is completely blocked. |
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v-tach
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rapid extra heartbeats
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v-fib
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impotent wriggling of the heart
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clotbusters
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tPa- tissue plasminogen activator. dissolution of the clot.
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chronic congestive heart failure
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-scarred and weakened myocardium can no longer contract with enough force to push out blood
-back pressure causes congestion |
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endocrine hormones
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control reproduction
-hypothalamus.. neurohormones -anterior pituitary.. LH and FSH -Ovary.. progestrone |
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cholesterol
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basis of all steroid hormones.
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sex steroids
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Testosterone
Estradiol |
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female cycle
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hypothalamus send neurohormone to anterior pituitary. ap sends LH/FSH to ovaries. Ovaries produce estrogen and progestrone, which initiates hormone secretion in gonads.
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LH/FSH
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LH- Luteinizing hormone
FSH- Follicle stimulating hormone -stimulate formation of egg and sperm -maintain structure of gonads -stimulate hormone secretion in gonads. |
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Human chorionic gonadotropin
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is a peptide hormone produced in pregnancy that is made by the embryo soon after conception and later by the syncytiotrophoblast (part of the placenta). Its role is to prevent the disintegration of the corpus luteum of the ovary and thereby maintain progesterone production that is critical for a pregnancy in humans.
it is the hormone that is checked for in home pregnancy tests. |
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age in fetus
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can be determined by crown-rump length.. femur length.. head width
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apgar score
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one and five minutes after birth
-heart rate -respitory effort -muscle tone -reflex response -color maximum |
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Premature birth
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-Respiratory distress syndrome
-infections -jaundice -inability to regulate body temperature |
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infertility
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the inability to conceive after a year of unprotected intercourse
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sterility
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an irreversible condition that prevents conception (vasectomy, hysterectomy etc.)
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impotence
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inability of man to achieve or maintain an erection and to ejaculate
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ways to make a baby
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-natural sex
-artificial insemination -IVF -cytoplasmic transfer -nuclear transfer and cloning |
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causes of infertility
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female
-tubal factor infertility -female age and egg quality -secondary amenorrhea -endometriosis (growth beyond or outside uterus) male -abnormal sperm -low or no sperm -poor sperm motility |
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factors increasing risk of male infertility
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-alcohol, drugs etc.
-heat exposure -strenuous riding -environmental toxins -infections -health problems -medicines -radiation treatment -age |
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factors affection female infertility
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-age
-stress -poor diet -depression -athletic training -being overweight -smoking, alcohol -std -problems that cause hormonal changes |
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Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
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-fallopian tube that is blocked and dialated.. infections cause scarring
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assisted reproductive technologies
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-Gift (Gamete intrafallopian transfer)
-Artificial Insemination -IVF -Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection -Assisted Zona Hatching -Gender Selection |
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contraceptive methods
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-natural.. Withdrawal, abstinence
-barriers -chemical (sponge) -Hormonal -IUD -Surgical (vasectomy) -Post fertilization |
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when does life begin?
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-genes that are unique are present at fertilization
-heatbeat at 21 days -brainwaves at 40 |
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demography
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study of human populations
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population explosion
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-increasing exponentially (doubling at a rate of 38 years)
-population cannot exceed its carrying capacity.. population will level off due to massive die off or because of decreased fertility -overpopulation contributes significantly to human disease. |
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birth rate.. death rate
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births per year/population size
deaths per year/population size |
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Carrying Capacity
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-the number of individuals who can be supported in a given area within natural resource limits
-this number must be sustainable... if below k pop will increase.. if above pop will decrease -it is not fixed but it depends on geographic variation, increased by tech, decreased by environmental degradation |
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problem with population
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population increases exponentially/geometrically
food supply increases arithmetically |
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estrogen
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-helpz minimize loss of calcium.
-promote blood clotting |
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menstrual cycle
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-rising level of estrogen causes endometrium to become thicker and more richly supplied
-levels of lh cause developing egg to complete first meiotic division -srge of production of lh -surge triggers ovulation -empty follicule turns into corpus luteum. -corpus luteum secretes progestrone which continues prep of endometrium |
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pregnancy
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-inner cell mass will become a baby
-trophoblast develops into placenta and umbilical cord |
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key terms
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-prolactin, stimulates milk synthesis
-relaxin relaxes pubic ligaments and softens cervix -the pill prevents GnRH so girls do not have LH surge. -RU-486 blocks the action of progestrone. -menopause is when follicles become less responsive to FSH and LH. -oogenesis is when egg formation takes place in the ovaries -placenta recieves food, oxygen, discharges waste, recieves antibodies |
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aspirin
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antiplatelet agent, can help prevent heart attacks by blocking formation of bloodclots
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