Bio Exam 3

Front 1

Heterotroph

Back 1

Organism that cannot fix carbon and uses organic carbon for growth; Must eat to stay alive

Front 2

Herbivore

Back 2

Animals that eat plants

Front 3

Omnivore

Back 3

Animals that eat other animals

Front 4

Animals use these strategies for feeding

Back 4

suspension
deposit
fluid
mass

Hint 4

filter small organisms or bits of organic debris from water by means of cilia or other such structures

feeding by sifting through soil

feed on fluid from other organisms

feed by chewing chunks of food by mouthparts or special toxin-injecting organs

Front 5

What provides more energy when broken down, carbohydrates or fats?

Back 5

fats (more than twice the energy per gram)

Front 6

Nutrient

Back 6

substance an organism needs to stay alive

Front 7

Food

Back 7

substance that contains nutrients

Front 8

Essential Nutrients

Back 8

Nutrients that cannot be synthesized, must be obtained from diet

Front 9

Organic compounds that function as coenzymes and are required in only minute amounts

Back 9

Vitamins

Front 10

Inorganic compounds that influence osmotic balance and are required fro normal membrane function
Also what are the major ions in body

Back 10

Electrolytes

Hint 10

Sodium, Potassium, Chloride

Front 11

Ingestion

Back 11

taking in food

Front 12

Digestion

Back 12

Breakdown of food into smaller pieces that allow for absorption

Hint 12

key process in animals due to having to break down bolus's of molecules

Front 13

Absorption

Back 13

Uptake of specific ions and molecules that act as nutrients

Front 14

Elimination

Back 14

Disposal of wastes

Front 15

Main parts of Incomplete Digestive Tract and functions

Back 15

Tentacles
Mouth
Pharynx
Gastrovascular Cavity

Hint 15

Capture Prey
Ingests food and eliminates wastes
Transports food and wastes
Site of digestion and absorption

Front 16

The diversification of a single ancestral lineage into many species, each of which lives in a different habitat or employs a distinct feeding method

Back 16

Adaptive Radiation

Front 17

Endemic species

Back 17

species that live nowhere else

Front 18

Explain the general pattern in animal evolution relating to the mouth

Back 18

Mouthparts have diversified in response to natural selection for exploiting a diversity of food sources. The structure of jaws, teeth, and other mouthparts correlates with their function in harvesting and processing food

Front 19

Incomplete Digestive Tract

Back 19

Single opening which also is where food is ingested and wastes are eliminated

Mouth opens into gastrovascular cavity

Front 20

Complete Digestive Tract

Back 20

2 openings that start at mouth and end of anus
Tubelike digestive tract

Front 21

Advantages of tubelike digestive tract

Back 21

1) Allows animals to feed on large pieces of food, expanding the types of food that can be ingested

2) Different chem and physical processes can be separated within the canal

3) b/c of one-way flow of food and wastes, material can be ingested and digested continuously

Front 22

Enzyme responsible for starch digestion in mouth, initiates digestion of carbs

Back 22

Amylase

Front 23

salivary enzyme from tongue which begins the digestion of lipids

Back 23

lipase

Front 24

Found in the mouth, this releases water and glycoproteins called mucins

Back 24

Salivary Glands

Front 25

Wave of muscular contractions which propels food down the esophagus

Back 25

Peristalsis

Front 26

Simple sac that holds food and regulates its flow into the stomach in bird species

Back 26

Crop

Front 27

ringlike muscles bracketing the stomach which control movement of material through gut

Back 27

Sphincters

Front 28

Hole in an epithelium that damages the underlying basement membrane and tissues

Back 28

Ulcer

Front 29

What kind of cells secrete H+ and Cl-, which leads to HCl

Back 29

Parietal Cells

Front 30

Is Lumen of stomach acidic or basic?

Back 30

Acidic

Front 31

What kind of cells secrete pepsinogen?

Back 31

Chief Cells

Front 32

In what conditions is Pepsinogen converted to pepsin?

Back 32

Acidic conditions

Front 33

Responsible for completing most digestion and absorption

Back 33

Small Intestine

Front 34

What organ(s) have secreations which aid in digestion in the small intestine?

Back 34

Pancreas and Liver

Front 35

Primary function to compact wastes that remain and absorb enough water to form feces

Back 35

Large Intestine

Front 36

Chemical messenger that influences physiological processes at very low concentrations

Back 36

Hormone

Front 37

Produced by small intestine in response to arrival of food from the stomach

Back 37

Secretin

Front 38

Describe airflow through avies

Back 38

It is a one-way airflow through the lung
Upon inhalation, posterior air sacs fill with outside air which then move to the lungs to the anterior air sacs where upon exhalation empty

Front 39

What are the breathing control centers?

Back 39

Pons and Medulla

Front 40

Describe control of ventilation in the brain and body when there is a rise of CO2

Back 40

Nerve signals trigger contraction of rib muscles and diaphragm, breathing control centers (Pons/Medulla) respond to drop in pH of blood, Nerve signals indicate CO2 and O2 levels

Front 41

When will fish and insects increase their ventilation rate?

Back 41

activity increase
Oxygen levels drop
Carbon Dioxide levels increase

Front 42

What kind of flow do fish exert?

Back 42

Countercurrent flow

Front 43

What kind of ventilation do humans have?

Back 43

Negative Pressure Ventilation

Front 44

Explain respiratory process of insects

Back 44

Inhaltion: muscles relax (diameter of thorax decreases), Tracheal volume increases and pressure drops, air enters along pressure gradient

Exhalation:
Muscles contract (thorax diameter increases), tracheal volume decreases and pressure increases, air leaves along pressure gradient

Front 45

What is the ECM of blood?

Back 45

Plasma

Front 46

What is another name for WBCs and RBCs?

Back 46

Leukocytes
Erythrocytes

Front 47

What do mammalian RBCs lack at maturity?

Back 47

nuclei and mitochondria

Front 48

The rate of oxygen unloading from hemoglobin depends on what?

Back 48

The partial pressure of oxygen in the tissue

Front 49

What kind of binding delivers large amounts of Oxygen to resting and exercising tissues?

Back 49

Cooperative Binding

Front 50

This says that hemoglobin's oxygen binding affinity is inversely related to acidity and concentration of carbon dioxide

Back 50

Bohr Shift

Front 51

What are the parts of the circulatory system?

Back 51

Muscular pump (heart)
Circulatory fluid (blood,hemolymph)
Set of tubes/vessels to carry fluid

Front 52

Describe pulmonary circulation in the human heart

Back 52

Blood returns to heart from body enters through superior vena cava to right atrium, blood enters right ventricle through atrioventricular valve, blood pumped from right ventricle to lungs through pulmonary artery

Front 53

Describe systemic circulation in the human heart

Back 53

Blood returns to left atrium from lungs, blood enters left ventricle from pulmonary veins, blood pumped from left ventricle through aorta to rest of body

Front 54

These signals hyperpolarize the membrane, making the membrane potential more negative and making the neuron less likely to fire an action potential

Back 54

Inhibitory

Front 55

These signals depolarize the membrane, making the membrane potential less negative which are more likely to trigger an action potential

Back 55

Excitatory

Front 56

What is a threshold potential?

Back 56

depolarization of the membrane above a certain voltage

Front 57

Collect electrical signals

Back 57

Dendrites

Front 58

Integrate incoming signals and generates outgoing signal to axon

Back 58

Cell body

Front 59

Passes electrical signals to dendrites of another cell to an effector cell

Back 59

Axon

Front 60

What are the three kind of Neurons and what is their function?

Back 60

Sensory neurons (transmit a signal based upon stimulus)
Motor neurons (sends signals to glands/muscles for response)
Interneurons (integrate sensory info)

Front 61

Describe a membrane potential

Back 61

difference in electrical charge on either side of plasma membrane (expresses as inside-relative-to-outside)

Front 62

What are the 3 ways to reduce transmission of signal across synapse, whether excitatory or inhibitory?

Back 62

Reduce amount of neurotransmitter production
Increase amount of enzyme within synapse
Reduce sensitivity of post-synaptic receptors

Front 63

Go through the steps of Voluntary Action

Back 63

Stimulus
Decision
Motor command
Spinal column
Muscle synapse
Muscle action

Front 64

Describe the steps of reflex arc

Back 64

Sensory receptor
Sensory neuron (ganglion)
CNS (spinal chord, brain)
Interneuron
PNS (nerve, motor neuron)
muscles

Front 65

Describe the steps in Involuntary Action

Back 65

stimulus
spinal column
muscle synapse
muscle action

Front 66

Describe the Vertebrate Nervous system

Back 66

Afferent division (transmits sensory info), PNS
CNS (info processing)
PNS
Efferent division (transmits motor info)
Somatic nervous system ... or
Autonomic nervous system...
Parasympathetic division or sympathetic division

Front 67

What is the difference b/w afferent and efferent division?

Back 67

Afferent = sensory info
Efferent = motor info

Front 68

Describe the Parasympathetic nervous system

Back 68

"rest and digest"
constrict pupils, stimulate salivation, slow heartbeat, constrict airways, stimulate activity of stomach, inhibit release of glucose; stimulate gallbladder, stimulates activity of intestines, contract bladder, promote erection of genitals

Front 69

Describe the Sympathetic nervous system

Back 69

"flight or fight"

Front 70

What is the function of the four regions of the brain

Back 70

Cerebrum: conscious thought, memory

Cerebellum: coordination of complex motor patterns

Brain stem: info relay and center for autonomic control for heart, lungs, digestive system

Diencephalon: info relay and control of homeostasis

Front 71

sensory cells transduce external stimulus into action potentials that are sent to CNS

Back 71

Signal transduction

Front 72

Describe the process of a hair cell opening ion channels

Back 72

Pressure bends stereocilia
K+ channels open
Depolarization
Ca2+ flows in
Synaptic vesicles fuse
Neurotransmitter released

Front 73

Transmembrane protein complex that changes shape when retinal absorbs light

Back 73

Rhodopsin

Front 74

The functional units of insect eyes

Back 74

Ommatidia

Front 75

Active travel from place to place in which animals must expend energy, and why do they expend energy?

Back 75

Locomotion
(need to overcome friction and gravity)

Front 76

Name and define the three main types of skeletons

Back 76

Hydrostatic- fluid under pressure within body

Exoskeleton- rigid, composed of non-living material.... will shed or molted

Endoskeleton- hard support system made of cartilage/bone

Front 77

Describe the difference b/w axial and appendicular skeleton

Back 77

Axial skeleton anchors the appendicular skeleton

Front 78

locations where bones meet

Back 78

joints

Front 79

connect bone to bone

Back 79

ligaments

Front 80

Describe the neuromuscular junction and how it triggers muscle contraction

Back 80

AP arrives, Ach released
Ach bind
APs propagate
Ca2+ channels open into SR
Ca2+ releases, sarcomeres contract

Front 81

Region in center of retina that contains a dense concentration of cones, thereby the area of highest visual activity

Back 81

Fovea

Front 82

membranes that contain large quantities of transmembrane protein

Back 82

opsin