Bio Exam 2 Review For Final

Front 1

Amino Acids

Back 1

♡All are composed of CHON and two use S

♡Functional groups: Amino and Carboxyl

♡"R" component bound to carbon backbone determines properties

♡Make polypeptides which make proteins

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R groups

Back 2

Front 3

Protein conformation

Back 3

Determines how it functions

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Primary structure

Back 4

The unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide (peptide bonds)

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Secondary structure

Back 5

The folding or coiling of the polypeptide into a repeating configuration (hydrogen bonding)

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Tertiary structure

Back 6

Results from interactions between amino acid R groups (disulfide "bridge"; hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonding, van der waals)

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Quaternary structure

Back 7

The overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of 2 or more polypeptide subunits

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Denaturation

Back 8

♡Is when a protein unravels and loses its native configuration

♡May result from changes in pH, temp, salt concentration, chemicals

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Prion

Back 9

♡Protein that can change to a harmful disease causing prion

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Proteins

Back 10

♡Elements: CHONS

♡Monomer: Amino acid

♡Macromolecule: polypeptide

♡Ex: collagen, enzymes, membrane proteins

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Nucleic Acids

Back 11

♡Elements: CHONP

♡Monomer: nucleotide

♡Macromolecule: DNA & RNA

♡Function: Storage of genetic info & protein synthesis

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Nucleotide

Back 12

Made of phosphate group and nucleoside (Made of Pentose sugar and nitrogenous base)

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DNA vs RNA

Back 13

DNA:

♡double-stranded

♡has continuous H bonding

♡sugar: deoxyribose

♡Thymine instead of uracil

RNA:

♡single strand

♡only has h bonding where it loops back

♡sugar: ribose

♡has uracil instead of Thymine

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The plasma membrane

Back 14

♡The cell's boundary

♡Selectively permeable

♡Bilayer of phospholipids

♡Held together by hydrophobic interactions

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Hydrophobic molecules

Back 15

♡non polar

♡lipid soluble

♡pass through the membrane rapidly

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Hydrophillic molecules

Back 16

♡polar

♡can not cross the membrane rapidly

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Cholesterol

Back 17

Increases fluidity of membrane

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Glyco groups

Back 18

The cell's identification molecules

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Proteins function

Back 19

♡Transport of molecules

♡Cell recognition

♡Intercellular junctions

♡Enzymatic activity

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Passive transport

Back 20

♡Simultaneously without energy

♡Substances move DOWN their concentration gradient

♡high to low

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Active transport

Back 21

♡Requires energy

♡Substances move UP their concentration gradient

♡low to high

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Transport protein

Back 22

♡Used in both active and passive transport

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Facilitated diffusion

Back 23

Transport proteins speed the movement of molecules across the membrane

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Osmosis

Back 24

NET movement of water

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Tonicity

Back 25

The ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

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Isotonic

Back 26

Concentration is the same so no net movement of water

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Hypertonic

Back 27

Concentration of solute is greater than cell so cell will lose water

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Hypotonic

Back 28

Concentration of solute is less than the cell so cell will gain water

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Tight junctions

Back 29

Cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

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Anchoring junction

Back 30

Fasten cells together into sheets

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Gap junction

Back 31

Provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

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Cell theory

Back 32

♡All organisms are made of cells

♡The cell is the fundamental unit of life

♡All cells descend from other cells

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The ER system

Back 33

♡Regulates protein traffic and performs various metabolic processes

♡Includes:

1. Nuclear membrane

2. Endoplasmic reticulum

3. Golgi structures

4. Lysosomes

5. Vacuoles

6. Plasma membrane

All of these are connected by vesicles

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RER

Back 34

♡Produces secretory proteins, membrane proteins, and phospholipids

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SER

Back 35

♡Synthesizes lipids (oils, phospholipids, steroid hormones)

♡Metabolizes carbohydrates

♡Stores calcium

♡Detoxifies drugs, poisons

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Golgi Body

Back 36

♡Receives stuff from Cis side from RER, modifies the products, makes certain macromolecules, and sends stuff from trans side

Front 37

What can and can't get in through membrane

Back 37

Can:

♡Small uncharged molecules

♡Lipid soluble substances

Can't:

♡Water-soluble substances

♡Ions

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Membrane proteins

Back 38

1. Channels or transporters (move molecules)

2. Receptors (recognize chemicals)

3. Glycoproteins (identify cell type)

4. Enzymes (catalyze production of substances)

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Lysosomes

Back 39

♡Digest/recycle all kinds of macro

♡Carry out phagocytosis

Front 40

Tay Sachs disease

Back 40

♡Lysosomal disorder that causes build up of lipid molecules in neurons

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Vacuoles

Back 41

♡Food vacuoles (formed by phagocytosis)

♡Contractile vacuoles (pump excess water out)

♡Large central vacuoles (storage in plant cells)

♡A plant or fungal cell may have one or several vacuoles

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The Nucleus

Back 42

Contains most of the cell's genes

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The nuclear envelope

Back 43

Encloses the nucleus and is a double membrane

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Nucleolus

Back 44

Direct synthesis of RNA and forms ribosomes

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Ribosomes

Back 45

♡Particles made of RNA and protein

♡Carry out protein synthesis free in the cytosol and attached the ER

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Bacteria-like organelles

Back 46

♡Mitochondria

♡Chloroplast

♡Derived from symbiotic bacteria

♡Similar in size and shape to prokaryotes

♡Have their own DNA

♡Circular chromosone like prokaryotic

♡Divide independently of the cell

♡Divide by fission

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Endosymbiosis

Back 47

Front 48

Cytoskeleton

Back 48

♡Mechanical support

♡Anchor organelles

♡Help move substances

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Cilia

Back 49

♡Short and used to move substances outside human cells

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Flagella

Back 50

♡Found on sperm and used to move cells

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Centrioles

Back 51

Play a role in cell division

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Peroxisome

Back 52

♡Similar in size to prosper

♡Contains enzymes and single membrane

♡Contains catalase that decompose hydrogen peroxide which forms from the breakdown of fatty acids

♡Participate in the synthesis of cholesterol and lipids used to make myelin

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X-ALD

Back 53

Disorder that fails to metabolize fatty acids properly which leads to deterioration of myelin sheaths

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Cell walls

Back 54

Made of cellulose in plants and of Chitin in fungi cells

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Chloroplast

Back 55

♡Photosynthesis site

♡Have grana which are stacks of thykaloids

♡Have stroma, the internal fluid

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Endocytosis

Back 56

♡Cell takes in large molecules

♡2 types:

1. Bulk-phase (nonspecific)

2. Receptor-mediated (specific)

♡2 forms:

1. Phagocytosis - cell eating

2. Pinocytosis - cell drinking

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Exocytosis

Back 57

♡Cell taking out material

Front 58

Prokaryotes

Back 58

♡Microscopic

♡Unicellular

♡Ubiquitous

♡Genetically very diverse

♡Nutritionally very diverse

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Bacteria

Back 59

♡Have 3 shapes

1. Spherical (cocci)

2. Rod-shaped (bacili)

3. Spiral

♡Have:

1. A capsule (a sticky layer that prevents bacteria from being eaten)

2. Fimbriae and pili (allow cells to "stick" to surroundings)

3. Flagella

4. Endospores (allow bacteria to remain viable in harsh conditions)

5. Cell walls