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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Oviparity
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eggs travel down oviduct, are fertilized then laid.
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Oviviparity
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eggs incubate and hatch inside reproductive tract of female before laying.
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Viviparity
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larvae develop inside female and are born fully developed.
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Insect Sexual Reproduction
Pros: Cons: |
Pro = eliminates poor sets of genes through recombination
Produces variation among offspring that increases disease resistance Con = Takes two to make one Dangerous task to find a mate Takes extra time & energy to find a mate |
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Insect Sperm
Spermatophore |
Short Flagellum
Spermatophore is a sac that protects sperm, present in primitive insects. Sometimes placed on ground for wingless females to pick up. |
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Parthenogenesis
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Females make viable unfertilized eggs
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Aphid Parthogenesis
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Seasonal, asexual in summer, sexual in spring and fall.
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Parthenogenesis Types
Apomictic Automictic Generative |
Apomictic = Daughters are identical to mothers
Automictic = Meiosis occurs but polar body fuses with egg, variation among offspring Generative = Meiosis and fertilization, females have diploid genes from father and mother, males have haploid with genes from mom |
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Hymenoptera Parthenogenesis
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Haploid -> Male
Diploid -> Female If female lets sperm reach egg, get female If no fertilization, get male |
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Paedogenesis
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Production of young by larvae, loss of adult stage.
Gall Midges = eggs develop inside mother and consume her before emerging |
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Hermaphroditism
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Rare, but means females have ovotestes, full sets of both, self fertilization
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Ectoderm Forms
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Exoskeletal Epidermis
Trachael System Nervous system Epidermis of stomodeum and proctodeum Epidermis of genital chamber, median oviduct, ejaculatory ducts, spermatheca and accessory glands |
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Mesoderm Forms
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Muscles
Fat Body Circulatory System Vas Deferens, Lateral oviducts, sperm tubes, ovarioles |
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Endoderm? Makes?
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Mesenteron epidermis
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Segmented Formation
Parsasegments |
Parsasegments eventually lead to form segmented body, differentiation and migration of cells
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Insect Growth
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Growth through molting
Membranes expand within instar Growth happens when exoskeleton is soft right after molting |
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Cuticle has
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Epicuticle
Exocuticle Endocuticle (molting gel forms here to split layers) Formation layer |
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Preoral Cavity Made of?
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Grinding happens between labium and mandibles
Food pushed into mouth by maxillae Swalled by pharynx and moves into esophagous and crop |
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Insect Digestion immediately after eating
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Moves from crop to proventriculus
Food endures more grinding, pushed to midgut Digestive enzymes in gastric caecae secreted for absorption |
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Peritrophic Membrane
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Area to separate food from lining of digestive tract
Projects tract from spines, roughage, or microorganisms Moves food toward hindgut absorbed material diffuses out of food mass and is digested in midgut or gastric caecae |
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Hindgut
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When digestion complete, particles move through pyloric valve into anterior intestine
Water absorbed, dry piece of shit excreted from rectum |
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Insect Muscle structure
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Only striated musscles, crossbanding appearance from actin and myosin
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Muscle types
Visceral Segmental Appendicular Flight |
Visceral=surrounds ducts, moves materials
Segmental=moves segments Appendicular=moves appendages Flight=high performance with no lactate buildup |
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Nervous system
Ganglia |
nerves aggregated into ganglia along ventral nerve chord
Coordinates motor, sense, psysiological processes integrated with endocrine glands that secrete chemical messengers (hormones) |
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Head Neural Organs
Brain Subesophangeal Ganglio |
Brains=eyes, antennae, signals from body
Subesophangeal Ganglion=controls and processes information from mouthparts |
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Accessory Glands
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Located at outpouchings of vas deferens and/or ejaculatory duct, adds fluids, nutrients or toxins and a covering if spermatophores are used
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Adeagus
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Functions as a penis
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Obtect
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Sclerotized Cuticle
Appendages cemented to body |
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Endopterygota
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Species that have internal wing pads as larvae. Goes through distinct larval, pupal and adult stages with radical metamorphosis. Wing develops internally
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Odonata
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As nymphs, have enlarged labium for capturing prey and 2 types of gills.
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Imaginal Discs
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Adult structures within immatures built from small groups of adult tissues. A base
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Exarate
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Do not have appendages pressed to the body
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Univoltine
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One generation per year. More likely in colder climates where season length sets limits for completion of life cycles
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Bivoltine
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Two generations per year
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Multivoltine
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Multiple generations per year
Occurs when enough time exists for completion of multiple reproductive cycles |
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Diapause
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Arrested development after physiological change
Inactive and not feeding Can last years Needs 2nd physiological change to break diapause Can be induced or terminated by photoperiod, temp, food quality, food chemistry Can be required for completion of life cycle, often in univoltine insects. Faculative = optional Can occur in any stage |
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Quiescence
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Halted/slowed development during unfavorable conditions
Reactivates when conditions good Doesn't involve physiological change Can be triggered by environment (cool temps) Difficult to tell from diapause |
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Macropter
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When wing length varies greatly within a species, having normal wing length is macropterous
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Micropter
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When wing length varies greatly within a species, having vestigial wings
(vestigial = withered/atrophied) |
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Solitary
(in migratory locusts) |
Shuns other locusts. Large adult with high fecundity. Remains in region where they develop
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Gregarious form
(in migratory locusts) |
Disperses long distances in large groups
Induced by crowding and poor habitat. Smaller, elongated wings, higher metabolic rate, ability to store more fat, migrates during day as nymph and adult. Adults result of accelerated growth. |
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Instar
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Developmental stage between each moult until sexual maturity is reached.
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Imago
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Last stage of development of an insect. Adult stage
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Molting Fluid/Gel
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Enzymes get activated and the gel between the old epicutile and new epicuticle becomes a fluid. the endocuticle and some exocuticle are digested and absorbed, and the procuticle is laid down in folds.
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Indeterminate Growth
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Molting until death
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Determinate Growth
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Most other insects
Distinctive instar marks end of growth |
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Exopterygota
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Young resemble adults but have externally-developing wings. Have modest change between immature/adult, skipping pupal stage.
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Ganglia
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Bases of central nervous system, serve as coordinating nerve centers for each segment within which they develop.
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Protostome
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Mouth First
Embryo forms a dent on one side, blastopore deepens. |
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Blastula
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Early stage of embryonic development, (aka blastosphere) Produced by cleavage of fertilized ovum and is a spherical layer of ~128 cells with large fluid filled space called blastocoel inside. Comes before the gastrula
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Gastrulation
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Embryo phase where morphology is drastically restructured by cell migration.
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Epicuticle
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Outermost portion of the exoskeleton of an insect. Secreted by epidermis, deposited on top of procuticle via pores
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Ecdysis
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Molting
Epidermis loosens from cuticle New intugement secreted under the old one, with much of material coming from original skeleton Swallows air, rhythmically contracts body muscles and increases pressure till old exoskeleton breaks. Molting fluid works as lubricant |
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Parasegments
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will eventually form segmented body
differentiation and migration of cells |
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Detritivore
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Detritus feeders/saprophages
millipedes, woodlice, dung flies, worms, etc |
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Diptera
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Fly, Single pair of wings
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Odonata
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Dragonflies, damselflies
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Plecoptera
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Stoneflies
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Trichoptera
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Caddisfly
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Lepidoptera
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Moths and butterflies
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Neuroptera
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Lacewings, antlions
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Ovariole
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Tubes of which ovaries are composed. An insect will have 2 ovaries and the constitutent ovarioles lead to 2 oviducts, which converge into a single oviduct.
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Ovotestis
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Has both ovarian follicles and testicular tubular elements.
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Spermatheca
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Receives and stores sperm from the male, and can sometimes be the site of fertilization.
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Proventriculus
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A glandular part of the stomach that stores/commences digestion of food before it progresses further on. Mixes digestive enzymes in.
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Phytophage
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Herbivore
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Peritrophic membrane
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Separates food from midgut tissue, protects epithelium against food abrasion and microrganisms.
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Hemiptera
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True Bugs
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Aestivation
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Summer sleep, state of dormancy that takes place during times of heat and dryness
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Ametabolous
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No metamorphosis, or only slight
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Crop
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Grinds
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Endosymbiont
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Organism that lives within the body or cells of another.
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Ephemeroptera
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Mayfly
Short lifespan on adult, minutes to days, aquatic insects, immature stage = niad, pollution sensitive |
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procuticle
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Major portion of exoskeleton of insect
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Coelom
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Fluid filled cavity within mesoderm
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Hemocoel
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Spaces between organs of organisms with open circulatory systems.
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ectoderm
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Outer layer of embryo, forms outside of germ layer. Forms nervous system, tooth enamel, and epidermis
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neurosecretory
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Cells in ganglia that secrete hormones
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subesophageal ganglion
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3 pairs of fused ganglia, controls mouthparts, salivary glands and some muscles. Sits beneath esophagus.
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