Bio Exam 2

Front 1

A family tree of disease

Back 1

A Pedigree

Front 2

How do diseases run through family?

Back 2

The bad gene allele is passed on

Front 3

"Road Map" of each chromosome with signposts every 100,000 nucleotides

Back 3

DNA markers

Front 4

DNA marker to screen people for the disease allele

Back 4

Genetic Testing

Front 5

Used to cut a gene or genes out of the DNA of one organism and put them into the DNA of another organism

Back 5

Genetic Engineering

Front 6

What is the goal of gene therapy?

Back 6

To go into a human's cell and fix their bad genes

Front 7

How is gene therapy accomplished?

Back 7

Scientists make a good copy of the gene and put it into a vector that will carry it into a person's cell.

Front 8

What are some problems gene therapy has come across its progress?

Back 8

* The vectors dont always go to the right cells
* The gene may insert into a different gene - causing more problems
* May cause health problems

Front 9

What happens with SCIDS?

Back 9

They are born without an immune system

Front 10

What are ethical concerns involving gene therapy?

Back 10

* Very expensive
* Could be a problem that won't show up until several generations
* Alter benign characteristics

Front 11

The act of deliberately choosing which individuals will breed and which will not based upon whether they exhibit desired characteristics

Back 11

Selective breeding

Front 12

How is selective breeding and genetic engineering different?

Back 12

Selective breeding is limited by the variation that exists within itself

Front 13

How is selective breeding and genetic engineering similar?

Back 13

Both are creating changes to make it better

Front 14

What are some benefits of genetically engineered plants?

Back 14

* A way for growing crops in parts of the world that arent usually suitable
* Fewer pesticides
* During drought, people will still have food

Front 15

The process by which one cell doubles all of its contents and then divides to make two cells that are exactly like the first one

Back 15

Mitosis

Front 16

Step of Mitosis when Chromosomes in a diploid cell are copied

Back 16

Interphase

Front 17

Step of Mitosis when each chromosome holds onto its copy at the centromere

Back 17

Prophase

Front 18

Step of Mitosis when the chromosomes line up on the center line of the cell

Back 18

Metaphase

Front 19

Step of Mitosis when the chromosomes and the cell splits so that one copy of each chromosome ends up in a separate cell

Back 19

telophase

Front 20

the normal number of chromosomes in animal or plant cells (2 of each chromosome)

Back 20

diploid

Front 21

number of chromosomes in a gamete (half the number of chromosomes)

Back 21

haploid

Front 22

during meiosis the chromosomes will find their counterpart to form a pair

Back 22

homologogous pairs of chromosomes

Front 23

pairs of chromosomes wrap around each other and exchange parts of dna with the other

Back 23

crossing over

Front 24

The process of starting with a diploid cell and ending with 4 haploid cells

Back 24

Meiosis

Front 25

What are the 3 ways that meiosis provides the variation for evolution

Back 25

* Mutations during DNA replication
* Crossing over
* Random Assortment

Front 26

Any trait that aids in the survival and reproduction of a population in a particular environment

Back 26

Adaptation

Front 27

Thought species came about via static model

Back 27

Aristotle

Front 28

Thought that traits were aquired through use

Back 28

Lamarck

Front 29

God created all the species, but they change over time, just not into new species

Back 29

Natural Theology

Front 30

Thought species came about via branched descent

Back 30

Darwin

Front 31

Darwin's hypothesis that the environment acts upon variations among populations and those individuals that survive will pass on their genetics

Back 31

Natural Selection

Front 32

Give an example of mimicry

Back 32

The Viceroy butterfly through evolution mimics the poisonious Monarch butterfly

Front 33

Give an example of industrial melanism

Back 33

Moths in england

Front 34

Give an example of homologies

Back 34

Human arms, cheetah legs, whale flippers

Front 35

Give an example of vestigal structures

Back 35

Tailbone in humans

Front 36

What is vestigal structures

Back 36

Structures that related species share but are no longer functional in one or more of the species

Front 37

Different species may have completely different structures for performing the same function in both species

Back 37

Convergent Evolution

Front 38

similarities in development among related species

Back 38

comparitive embryology

Front 39

A group of individuals of the same species living at the same time and within a particular region where they are capable of breeding with one another

Back 39

Population

Front 40

A group of individuals capable of breeding with each other to produce viable and fertile offspring

Back 40

Species

Front 41

This occurs when populations of the same species are separated by some physical barrier that prevents them from interbreeding

Back 41

Geographic isolation

Front 42

Any biological, behavioral, geographical barrier that prevents the interbreeding of populations of the same species

Back 42

Reproductive isolation

Front 43

Occured 16 billion years ago

Back 43

Big Bang Theory

Front 44

Occured 4.5 billion years ago

Back 44

The earth formed - primordial soup

Front 45

3.5 Billion Years ago

Back 45

First forms of life occured on earth

Front 46

1.5 billion years ago

Back 46

the oceans formed and the first eukaryotic organisms evolved

Front 47

200 million years ago

Back 47

Pangaea split into Laurasia in the north and Gondwanaland in the south

Front 48

100 million years ago

Back 48

Laurasia split into North America

Front 49

80-45 million years ago

Back 49

Gondwanaland split into south america, africa, australia and antarctica