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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
exchange of genetic material by interbreeding between populations of the same species or between individuals in a population
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gene flow
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all of the genes and their different alleles in a population
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gene pool
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random change in frequency of alleles in a population over successive generations due to sampling error in the gametes
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genetic drift
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used to calculate allele frequencies
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hardy weinberg equation
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balance in relative numbers of alleles that is maintained within a large population
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hardy weinberg equilibrium
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4 parts of hardy weinberg equilibrium
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no natural selection, no migration, no mutation, mating is random
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no variation among the members of a popluation, just one form exists
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monomorphic
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more than one form exists
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polymorphic
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total number of individuals in a certain species in a certain area
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population
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the area a species covers
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range
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group of individuals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
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species
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evolution occurs at this level
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population level
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population geneticists study:
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measurement of genetic variation in a population, examines morphological and molecular characters
examination of the mechanisms by which genetic variation changes over space and time |
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the genotype is to the individual as the____ is to the population
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allele frequency
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results in a gene pool that is closed to alleles from other species
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reproductive isolation
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a gene pool consists of all of the alleles that
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are present in a population at a given point in time
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besides genetics, what else can affect genotypes
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environment
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in order for environment to cause changes in two species, if species are different, they must
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live in different environments
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humans have 30000 genes, if 30% have allele frequencies less than one, how many genes have alternative allele?
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9000
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principles of heredity are important to understanding Darwin's theory of evolution of life by means of natural selection because they show that
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genetic variation is preserved between generations
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populations of organisms can evolve because they have
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genetic variability
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in hardy weinberg, q refers to
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allele frequency of one allele in population
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form of nonrandom mating in which individuals select mates with a similar phenotype to themselves
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positive assortative mating
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form of nonrandom mating in which individuals select mates with a dissimilar phenotype to selves
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negative assortative mating
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when an event wipes out part of a population and may change gene frequencies
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bottleneck effect
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several different combinations of nucleotides may code for the same amino acid
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degenerate
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a population is founded by a handful of individuals
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founder effect
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mating between closely related individuals
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inbreeding
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evolution on a large scale
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macroevolution
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ex. emergence of entire new groups
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macroevolution
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evolution on a small scale
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microevolution
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ex. change in allele and genotype frequencies
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microevolution
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sudden random change in the genetic material of a cell
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mutation
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male and female gametes derived from same individual
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self fertilization
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random flucuations of allele and genotype frequencies
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genetic drift
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works to maintain a dynamic state of balance between advantageous and disadvantageous alleles
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balancing selection
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favors individuals at one end of phenotypic range
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directional selection
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favors individuals at both extremes of phenotypic range
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diversifying selection
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reproductive success
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fitness
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how populations adapt to their environment
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natural selection
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vary continuously from one extreme to the other
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quantitative characters
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differences in the secondary sex characteristics
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sexual dimorphism
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selection of a mate based on a specific heritable trait
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sexual selection
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favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes
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stabilizing selection
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insures that a given tRNA picks up only its particular amino acid
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aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
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sequence of three nucleotides that is complementary to a sequence of bases in the mRNA strand
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anticodon
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sequence of bases
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codon
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adds nucleotides to the unwound parent molecule
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DNA polymerase
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describes how genes can be turned on to synthesize a needed protein or off to stop synthesis of a protein that is no longer needed
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gene regulation
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unwinds the DNA helix
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helicase
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discontinuous mode of replication exhibited here
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lagging strand
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smooth continuous process of replication here
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leading strand
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seals fragments into a continuous strand of dna
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ligase
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single strand of complimentary rna
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mRNA
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provides template that will be used for ordering the correct sequence of amino acids
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mRNA
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short stretches of dna
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okazaki fragments
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where replication begins
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origin of replication
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composed of a team of enzyme proteins that are involved in dna replication
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origin of replication
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initiates replication
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primase
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sequence of dna that signals the begining of RNA synthesis
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promoter
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binds to the stop codon to liberate the newly synthesized polypeptide
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release factor protein
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where dna is unwinding
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replication fork
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seperates DNA strands and joins the RNA nucleotides along the exposed DNA template
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RNA polymerase
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combines with proteins to form ribosomes
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rRNA
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cellular structures where polypeptides form, consist of large and small subunits
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ribosome
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each newly formed molecule of DNA has one strand of old dna and one strand of new dna
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semiconservative replication
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keep strands seperate while primases initiate replication
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single-strand binding proteins
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strand of DNA that is copied
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template strand
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signals end of RNA synthesis
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terminator sequence
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transciption occurs where
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nucleus
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three stages of transcription
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initiation, elongation, and termination
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first phase of protein synthesis
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transcription
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proteins that bind to starting points to initiate transcription
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transcription factors
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final phase of protein synthesis
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translation
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translation occurs where
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cytoplasm
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in this, information contained in rna transcript is translated into a protein
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translation
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transports amino acids to the growing peptide chain
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tRNA
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has an amino acid attachment site for a particular amino acid and an anticodon
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tRNA
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biological species concept
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can interbreed, produce fertile offspring
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morphological species concept
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look similar
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evolutionary species concept
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related in common ancestor
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geographically isolated
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allopatric speciation
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same space, ranges overlap
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sympatric speciation
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mate at different times of day
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temporal isolation
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have different behaviors
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behavioral isolation
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ranges sort of overlap, but not enough
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ecological
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disproportionate growth
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allometric growth
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timing of events
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heterochrony
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control placement of body parts
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heterochrony
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improper placement of body parts
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homeosis
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positioning of facial features
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hox gene
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5 parts of hardy weinberg
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mating random, no mutations, pop large, no nat selection, no migrations
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only way you can eliminate an allele
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genetic drift
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improper placement of body parts
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homeosis
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positioning of facial features
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hox gene
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5 parts of hardy weinberg
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mating random, no mutations, pop large, no nat selection, no migrations
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only way you can eliminate an allele
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genetic drift
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