Bio Exam #2

Front 1

Osteology

Back 1

study of bones, a connective tissue

Front 2

functions of the bones

Back 2

-support
-protection and immunity
-movement
-electrolyte balance
-acid/base balance
-blood formation

Front 3

osteoblasts

Back 3

bone forming cells

Front 4

osteoclasts

Back 4

bone dissolving cells

Front 5

Bone matrix

Back 5

-organic matter
- cells types
- Collagen
- some carbohydrate compounds
-inorganic matter
- hydroxyapatite

Front 6

*effects of low organic matter in bony matrix*

Back 6

brittle bone disease

Front 7

*effects of low inorganic matter in bony matrix*

Back 7

-not enough calcium
-rickets

Front 8

Bone Components

Back 8

compact bone
spongy bone
-marrow
-red
-yellow

Front 9

compact bone

Back 9

-compacted lamellae into osteons
-surrounded by collagen
-house blood vessels and nerves
-very dense

Front 10

lamellae

Back 10

when bony tissue is stacked in a plate like fashion

Front 11

spongy bone

Back 11

-lattice work of spicules and trabecules
-strength without weight
-specific arrangement along stress lines
-spaces filled with marrow
-removes stress on body parts
-helps reduce movement of joints

Front 12

braces(mouth)

Back 12

changes the shape of the jaw bone not the actually teeth placements

Front 13

red marrow

Back 13

-fill cavities in spongy bone
-produces blood cells
-distributed mostly in Axial skeleton and pelvic girdle

Front 14

yellow marrow

Back 14

-fills cavity in spongy bone
-fatty (high concentration of energy)
-distributed mostly of Appendicular skeleton

Front 15

how broken bones heal:

Back 15

- formation of hematoma
-formation of granulation tissue
-formation of soft callus
-conversion to hard callus
-bone remodeling

Front 16

formation of a hematoma

Back 16

-broken bone means broken blood vessels
-some bleeding, but clots soon formed
-similar to bruise

Front 17

formation of granulation tissue

Back 17

-its after hematoma
-macrophages arrice
-cleans to help prevent infection
-osteogenic cells increase in abundance

Front 18

formation of soft callus

Back 18

-fibroblasts deposit collagen
-which collectively is called soft callus

Front 19

conversion to hard callus

Back 19

-osteogenic cells already in abundance, develop into (needed) osteoblasts (to create new tissue)
-osteoblasts deposit some components of bony matrix, develop into osteocytes
-"cementing" wound site
-break must be immobilized

Front 20

bone remodeling

Back 20

-hard callus present for several months
-osteoclasts dissolve dead bone tissue at break site
-osteoblasts continue to deposit bone tissue

Front 21

osteoporosis

Back 21

-"bone with pores"
-most common
-decrease in bone density
-increases risk of pathologic fractures, bending/bowing or bone
-occurs mostly in spongy bone

Front 22

Integument

Back 22

skin
-largest organ

Front 23

integument functions:

Back 23

-resistance to trauma and infection
-water barrier (osmoregulation)
-vitamin D synthesis(triggers absorption rate in intestines)
-sensation
-thermoregulation
-communication and indicator of health

Front 24

integument layers

Back 24

-Epidermis
-Dermis
-hypodermis

Front 25

Epidermis

Back 25

-relatively thin layer
- mostly dead skin cells
-high concentration of keratinocytes

Front 26

keratin structures

Back 26

-nails
-callus
-warts
-hair
- in ALL mammals

Front 27

Hair functions :

Back 27

-helps of sense of touch
-hair distribution after puberty
-acts as filter (nose)
-affects sound waves (ear)
-goosebumps

Front 28

pheromones

Back 28

-no odor

Front 29

goose bumps

Back 29

"piloerection"
-piloerector muscles contract pulling hair shaft standing up
-traps heat

Front 30

Dermis

Back 30

-mostly collagen(pliable bendy)
-houses glands, blood vessels, nerves

Front 31

glands

Back 31

-merocrine sweat gland
-apocrine sweat gland
-sebaceous gland
-cerminous gland
-mammary gland

Front 32

merocrine gland

Back 32

-most numerous , all over body
-sweat gland
-produces watery perspiration
-cools body via evaporation

Front 33

apocrine gland

Back 33

-do not develop till puberty
-distributed in groin, axillary,areola and bearded regions
-produces perspiration, but with fatty acids
-linked to sexual stimulation
-pheromones

Front 34

sebaceous gland

Back 34

-distributed mostly in hair follicles, pores
-produces sebum
-bodies natural oils (high in lipids)
-lubricates hair and skin
-helps trap water inside body

Front 35

ceruminous gland

Back 35

-found in ear canal
-produces cerumen
-lubricating (earwax)
-waterproofs ear canal, traps bacteria, lubricates hairs

Front 36

mammary gland

Back 36

-characteristic of ALL mammals
- only functional in females
-found in breasts
-produces milk
-

Front 37

hypodermis

Back 37

-"subcutaneous layer"
-pads and binds
- highly vascular(good injection site)
-subcutaneous fat
-adipose tissue
- not evenly distributed or even between sexes
-energy reserve
-thermal insulation

Front 38

*How might the epidermis contribute to thermoregulation?*

Back 38

hair and piloerection(goose bumps)

Front 39

*how might the dermis contribute to thermoregulation?*

Back 39

-vasodilation and vasoconstrictuion
-sweating via merocrine gland

Front 40

*how might the hypodermis contribute to thermoregulation?*

Back 40

adipose tissue

Front 41

histology

Back 41

study of tissue

Front 42

tissue

Back 42

-group of similar cells and cell products
- arise from germ layers(regions) of the embryo
-work together to perform some structural or physiological role in an organ/organ system

Front 43

zygote

Back 43

fertilized egg cell

Front 44

blastula

Back 44

after several mitotic divisions zygote multiplies

Front 45

gastrula

Back 45

-when the blastula turns in to germ layer

Front 46

gastrula germ layers

Back 46

-ectoderm
-epidermis (skin), nervous
-endoderm
- digestive and respiratory tract
-mesoderm
-muscle, bone, blood

Front 47

*what germ layer gives rise to the stomach?*

Back 47

endoderm

Front 48

*what germ layer gives rise to muscle?*

Back 48

mesoderm

Front 49

*what germ layer gives rise to nerve cells?*

Back 49

ectoderm

Front 50

4 categories of tissues

Back 50

-epithelial
-connective
-nervous
-muscular

Front 51

Epithelial tissue

Back 51

-lines the body surface, lines the body cavities and organs
2 categories:
-simple:
- stratified

Front 52

simple epithelial

Back 52

-layer is 1 to 3 cells thick
- lines intestines, stomach, mouth cavity
-job : absorption

Front 53

stratified epithelial

Back 53

layer is several cells thick
-may or may not be keratinized
lines bottom of feet, walls of vagina
-job: to protect

Front 54

connective tissue

Back 54

-most abundant type of tissue
-types of connective:
-adipose
-fibrous
-cartilage
-bone
- blood

Front 55

fibrous tissue

Back 55

-collagen and elastin found in tendons and ligaments

Front 56

adipose tissue

Back 56

-fat storing cells
- primary energy site

Front 57

cartilage

Back 57

-does not receive blood
-chondrocytes
-few or completely lack blood vessels
-alieviates weight on body
-fewer oxygen nutrients (so very slow healing)

Front 58

connective tissue function:

Back 58

-binds
-support
-protects
-immunity
-movement
-storage
-heat conservation
-transport

Front 59

nervous tissue

Back 59

-specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signals
-electrical > action potential >electrical currents
-chemical >neurotransmitters
-found in brain spinal cord and other parts of nervous system

Front 60

muscular tissue

Back 60

3 types:
-cardiac
-smooth
-skeletal

Front 61

muscular tissue functions

Back 61

- Function to exert force on other tissues, organs and parts of the body
-body movement
-digestion
-waste elimination
- breathing
-speaking
-blood circulation

Front 62

purpose of joints

Back 62

permit movement (in conjunction with bone and muscle tissue)
-diplaces stress on bones

Front 63

types of joints:

Back 63

-fibrous
-cartilaginous
-synovial

Front 64

fibrous

Back 64

-bound largely by collagen
-sutures

Front 65

cartilaginous

Back 65

-bound largely by cartilage
-ribs/sternum

Front 66

Synovial

Back 66

-most complex in design, but allow for greatest mobility
anatomy:
-joint cavity
-synovial membrane
-synovial fluid
-articular discs
-meniscus
-cartilage pad between articulating bones
-tendons
-ligaments
-bursa

Front 67

synovial fluid

Back 67

-made of albumin and hyaluronic acid
-shock absorption
-lubricates for "slippery joints"
-cartilage health -in and outs
-recall that cartilage tissue is nonvascular
-cleans via macrophages

Front 68

types of synovial joints:

Back 68

-ball and socket
-condylar
-saddle
-plane
-hinge
-pivot

Front 69

ball and socket

Back 69

-hip joint and shoulder

Front 70

condylar

Back 70

just fingers not palms
-convex shape bones fit into concave shape bone

Front 71

saddle

Back 71

all primates
-thumbs
-up and down movement

Front 72

plane

Back 72

ankle and wrist

Front 73

hinge

Back 73

-knee
-elbow
-opens 180 degrees in one direction but not in two

Front 74

pivot

Back 74

-neck
-between 1st two C- vertebra (axis and atlas)

Front 75

movement of synovial joints

Back 75

-flexion and extension
-hyperextension
-abduction and adduction
-elevation and depression
-protraction and retraction
-circumduction
-medial rotation
-lateral rotation
-supination and pronation

Front 76

vasoconstriction

Back 76

when the blood vessels "shrink" (skinnier in winter)

Front 77

vasodilation

Back 77

when the blood vessels "expand" (fatter in summer)

Front 78

osteocytes

Back 78

when calcified, a bone cell