Bio Exam 2

Front 1

Binary Fission

Back 1

The cell grow's in size, replicates its DNA, and then separates the cytoplasm and DNA into two new cells. (prokaryotes)

Front 2

Cytokinesis

Back 2

The actual division of a single cell and its contents into two cells

Front 3

steps in Mitosis or Meiosis

Back 3

Signal-
Replication-
Segregation-
Cytokinesis-

Front 4

Parts of Interphase

Back 4

(M)- Mitosis
(G1)- GAP1
(R)-restriction point
(S)-DNA synthesis
(G2)-GAP2

Front 5

G1 PHASE

Back 5

Cell is preparing for S phase, so at this stage each chromosome is a single, unreplicated structure.

Front 6

G1-to-S-Transition

Back 6

(R)-restriction point is where the cell makes the commitment to DNA replication and subsequent cell division

Front 7

S Phase

Back 7

(S)-DNa replication occures during S phase, each chromosome is suplicated and thereafter consists of two sister chromatids joined together (at centromere) and awaiting segregation into two new cells.

Front 8

G2

Back 8

The cell makes preparation for mitosis, by synthesizing componets of the microtubules that will move the chromatids to opposite polor ends of the dividing cell

Front 9

protein+ATP ----->Protein-p+ADP
(Protein kinase)

Back 9

Phosphorylation

Front 10

Cdk's

Back 10

Cyclin-dependent kinases

Front 11

Interphase

Back 11

During the S phase of interphase, the nucleus replicates its DNA and centrosomes

Front 12

Prophase

Back 12

The chromatin coils and supercoils, becoming more and more compact and condensing into visible chromosomes. The chromosomes consist of identical, paired sister chromatids. Centrosomes move to opposite poles.

Front 13

Prometaphase

Back 13

The nuclear encelope breaks down. Kinetochore microtubules appear and connect the kinetochores to the poles.

Front 14

Metaphase

Back 14

The centromeres become aligned in a plane at the cell's equator

Front 15

Anaphase

Back 15

The paired sister chromatids seperate, and the new daughter chromosomes begin to move towards the poles.

Front 16

Telophase

Back 16

The daughter chromosomes reach the poles. As telophase concludes, the nuclear envelopes and nucleoli re-form, the chromatin decondenses, and, after sytokinesis, the daughter cells enter interphase once again.

Front 17

Somatic Cells

Back 17

The body cells that are NOT specialized for reproduction. Each contain 2 sets of chromosomes, which are found in pairs.

Front 18

2 Haploid cell's = ???

Back 18

Zygote
fertilization

Front 19

n

Back 19

Haploid

Front 20

2n

Back 20

diploid

Front 21

Nucleic Acids

Back 21

Polymers specialized for the storage, transmission between generations, and use of genetic information. there are 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) and RNA (RiboNuucleic Acid)

Front 22

What is DNA

Back 22

a macromolecule that encodes hereditary information and passes it from generation to generation through an RNA intermediate

Front 23

Nucleotides

Back 23

nucleic acids are composed of monomers (Pentose sugar and nitrogenous base but no phosphate group)

Front 24

Purines

Back 24

Adenine and guanine

Front 25

Pyrimidines

Back 25

thymine and cytosine

Front 26

Uracil

Back 26

Used only in RNA and replaces thymine.
RNA=A,C,G,U

Front 27

A (adenine) Pairs with

Back 27

In DNA T (Thymine), in RNA U (uracil)

Front 28

G (Guanine) pairs with ?

Back 28

C (cytosine) (in both RNA and DNA)

Front 29

DNA is what shape?

Back 29

Double helix

Front 30

RNA is what shape?

Back 30

Generally single-stranded

Front 31

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

Back 31

-DNA can reproduce itself exactly. This is called DNA replication. It is done by polymerization on a template

-DNA can copy its information into RNA, in a process called transcription. The nucleotide sequence in RNA can specify a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. This is called translation.

Front 32

Genome

Back 32

The complete set of DNA in a living organism

Front 33

Genes

Back 33

The sequence of DNA that encode specific proteins are transcribed into RNA

Front 34

A (adenine) pairs with T (thymine) by forming # hydrogen bonds?

Back 34

Two hydrogen bonds

Front 35

G (guanine) pairs with C (cytosine by forming # hydrogen bonds?

Back 35

Three hydrogen bonds

Front 36

5' is what group

Back 36

Phosphate group (--OPO3-)

Front 37

3' is what group?

Back 37

(--OH) hydroxyl group

Front 38

what is Semi-conservative replication?

Back 38

Each parent strand serves as a template for a new strand, and the two new DNA molecules each have one old and one new strand

Front 39

Nucleotides are added to the growing new strand at what end?

Back 39

The 3' end

Front 40

DNA is replicated through the interaction of the template strand and a huge protein complex called....

Back 40

replication complex (which contains at least four proteins, including DNA polymerase)

Front 41

All chromosomes have at lease one region called?? this is where the replications complex binds

Back 41

Origin of replication (ori)

Front 42

What does DNA polymerase III do?

Back 42

Is responsible for the replication of DNA in humans

Front 43

Denaturation is what?

Back 43

The first even at the origin of replication is the localized unwinding and separations of the DNA strands

Front 44

What do Single-strand binding proteins do?

Back 44

they bind to the unwound strands to keep them from re associating into a double helix

Front 45

What does the DNA Helicase do?

Back 45

This is the enzyme that uses energy from ATP hydrolysis to unwind and separate the DNA strands

Front 46

Where is the replication fork and what happens at this location?

Back 46

The replication fork is the site when the two DNA strands "unzip" to expose the 5' and 3' side of the nucleosides

Front 47

what happens to the Leading strand as replication takes place?

Back 47

The leading strand is oriented so that it can grow continuously at its 3' end as the fork opens up

Front 48

what happens to the lagging strand as replication takes place?

Back 48

the lagging strand is orientated so that as the fork opens up, its exposed 3' end get father and father away from the fork, and a unreplicated gap is formed. this gap would get bigger and bigger if there were not a special mechanism to overcome this problem

Front 49

In what direction does DNA replicate?

Back 49

from the 5' -to- 3' direction on both strands, although the strands are antiparallel

Front 50

What is a Okazaki fragment?

Back 50

The lagging strand is synthesized as Okazaki fragments which are "backward" streches of DAN with gaps between them on the 3' end of the new strand

Front 51

PCR stands for what?

Back 51

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Front 52

What does PCR do?

Back 52

In short takes a small amount of DNA and replicated its over and over to have a good amount to test or whatever you need it for

Front 53

What happens during transcription?

Back 53

the information in the DNA sequence is copied into a complementary RNA sequence

Front 54

What happens in Translation?

Back 54

The RNA sequence is used to create the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide