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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are stem cells and why are they important?
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Stem cells are cells in the body that have the ability to turn into any cell type.
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What are the general properties of stem cells?
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They are capable of dividing and renewing themselves.
They are unspecialized. They can turn into any cell type. |
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Why do stem cells have the possibility of curing, incurable diseases?
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Because stem cells have the ability to turn into any cell type, they can inject the stem cells into the body to recreate infected cells.
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Why are embryonic cells less useful than adult stem cells?
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Adult cells can only produce specific cells, such as brain and skin cells.
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Gene
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the units of information stored in DNA- each has a specific location on the chromosome
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Allele
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the different forms of the same gene, differences result from mutations that occured in the population over time.
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Homozygous
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same allele
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Heterozygous
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two different alles
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Genotype
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the particular alleles that an individual carries
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Phenotype
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the observable trait, what you see.
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Heritability
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traits passed on through the genes/DNA, also a measure of genetic difference between individuals of a species
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What is the theory of independent assortment?
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during meiosis the genes seperate into one gamete or another independent of the genes of other chromosomes.
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What is the theory of segregation?
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Diploid cells have pairs of genes, on pairs of homologous chroms. During meiosis the genes are separated and end up in differnt gametes.
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Complete dominance
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one allele is clearly dominant
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Codominance
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non-identical alleles specify different phoneotypes are expressed simulaneously in the organism.
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Incomplete dominance
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one allele is not fully dominant over the other
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Pleiotrophy
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Occurs when a single gene affects unrelated aspects of the phenotype.
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ostenogeneis
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a single defective gene results in fragile bones, weak tendons and ligaments.
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penetrance
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percent of individuals with a particular genotype where the phenotype is expressed
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expressivity
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the degree to which the gene is expressed.
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Genomic imprinting
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the process where gene expression is altered depending on whether it was passed from the egg or sperm
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chromosomal mosaicism
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when different cells within an individual have a different chromosomal makeup. such as downs syndrome.
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what is an lethal allele?
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A mutant form of a gene that eventually results in the death of an organism if expressed in the phenotype. most occur in the recessive form
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what is a sex-linked trait?
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traits found on the X or Y chromosome. such as colorblindness
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What is the genetic code?
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The information in DNA, GATTC
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Genome
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your complete set of genetic information.
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How many chromosomes do you have? What type of cell are your genes composed of?
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23 pairs
46 individual 1 set is sex chrom they are diploid |
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What type of cells are bacteria
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haploid
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somatic cells
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cells in the body that have differentiated into a specific cell type.
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Cytogenetics
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the field of science that deals with the relationship between human cells and heredity
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Karyotype
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a size-order alignment of chms pairs in a chart.
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How is chromosomes organized?
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size, banding pattern, and placement of centromere
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What is the process of Karyotyping?
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1. Sample of cell taken
2. Cells undergo mitosis 3. Mitosis stopped @ metaphase. 4. chrms seperated, viewed nd photographed. 5. Photograph then rearranged to show paired chrms. |
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Why is karyotyping important?
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Karyotypig is important because each gene has a specific location(locus) on a chrms. Sometimes the genes swap onto another chrms or be deleted.
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What is Preimplanation Genetic Diagnostics?
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Its main advantage is that it avoids selective pregnancy termination as the method makes it highly likely that the baby will be free of the disease under consideration
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What is a pedigree?
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Can be used to track and understand how some hereditary disorders are transmitted. Ie.) Family tree
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How do we determine genetic disorders?
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They are classified by their dominance pattern. Therefore we look at a pedigree.
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What do pedigrees tell us?
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Pedigrees tell us whether the disorder is heritable or random. Dominant or recessive. X-linked or autosomal.
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What is linkage?
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when genes that encode for certain traits are close together on a chrom, they can become linked.
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Full/Complete linkage
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genes are so close there is no crossing over.
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y-linked disorder
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no girls affected, passes male to male 100%
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x-linked disorder
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female can be carriers or affected, males can only be affected or unaffected, but NEVER a carrier.
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autosomal
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gender doesnt matter
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Dominant traits
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Sporadic= post conception-after birth
Familial= occurs close to conception , bigger effect |
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Why is it more common for a sporadic disease to be a dominant genetic disease?
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Dominat needs only one allele to express the diesease.
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What are the common chromosomal aberrations that occur?
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deletions, inversions, translocations, duplications.
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polygenic trait
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when multiple genes contribute to the expression of a single trait in a quantitative fashion
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what is an example of pleiotrophy?
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The funny shaped red blood cells get caught in the joints and spleen causing pain and damage.
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Differences in Chromosome behavior
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Mitosis:Homologous chromosomes independent
Meiosis:Homologous chrms pair forming tetrads until anaphase I |
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Difference in Chrms number
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Mitosis: identical daughter cells
Meiosis: daughter cells haploid |
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Difference in Genetic identity of progeny
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Mitosis:identical daughter cells
Meiosis:daughter cells have new assortment of parental chrms. Mitosis: chromatids not identical, crossing over. |
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Differences in Chromosome behavior
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Mitosis:Homologous chromosomes independent
Meiosis:Homologous chrms pair forming tetrads until anaphase I |
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Difference in Chrms number
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Mitosis: identical daughter cells
Meiosis: daughter cells haploid |
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Difference in Genetic identity of progeny
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Mitosis:identical daughter cells
Meiosis:daughter cells have new assortment of parental chrms. Mitosis: chromatids not identical, crossing over. |
